如何应对阴谋论
How to talk about conspiracy theories
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.
大家好。这里是BBC教学英语的《六分钟英语》。我是尼尔。
And I'm Sam.
我是萨姆。
Tell me, Sam, do you think Neil Armstrong really landed on the Moon in 1969?
告诉我，萨姆，你觉得尼尔·阿姆斯特朗真的在1969年登月了吗？
I mean, that must be fake news!
我是说那肯定是假新闻！
And who shot JFK? Surely the CIA were involved?
谁枪杀了肯尼迪？中情局肯定参与其中了吗？
Unless it was the giant lizards controlling the government!
除非是巨型蜥蜴在控制着政府！
Oh dear! It looks like reading online conspiracies has sent Neil down the rabbit hole
噢，天哪！看起来，阅读网上的阴谋论让尼尔掉进了无底洞
– an expression used to describe a situation which seems interesting and uncomplicated at first,
——这个表达被用来形容一种情境，这种情境一开始看起来很有趣，很简单，
but ends up becoming strange, confusing and hard to escape from.
但最后却变得奇怪，令人困惑，难以逃脱。
Luckily in this programme we'll be hearing some advice on how to talk to people who've become convinced by online conspiracies.
幸运的是，在本期节目中，我们将听到一些建议，它们是关于我们如何与被网络阴谋论所迷惑的人交谈。
It seems that during times of crisis, as people feel uncertain and fearful, they actively look for information to feel more secure.
似乎在危机时期，当人们感到不确定和恐惧时，他们会积极寻找信息让自己感觉更安全。
Nowadays this information is often found online,
如今，这些信息经常可以在网上找到，
and while there are reliable facts out there, there's also a lot of misinformation.
虽然网上有可靠的事实，但也有很多错误信息。
Somebody who's the target of many conspiracy theories is Microsoft's Bill Gates,
众多阴谋论的目标是微软的比尔·盖茨，
and our BBC fact checkers have been busy debunking - or exposing – some of the more bizarre accusations made against him.
而且我们的BBC事实核查员一直在忙着揭穿或揭露一些对比尔·盖茨更离奇的指控。
Ever since the outbreak of the Covid pandemic there's been an avalanche of online conspiracies linking Bill Gates to the coronavirus.
自从新冠病毒大流行爆发以来，就有很多把比尔·盖茨和冠状病毒联系在一起的网络阴谋论。
Here's Marianna Spring, presenter of BBC World Service programme, Trending, to tell us more:
BBC全球服务节目Trending的主持人玛丽安娜·斯普林会告诉我们更多内容：
The Microsoft founder is a rich and powerful person and he's funded research into vaccines – that's why he's become a target.
这位微软创始人是一个有钱有势的人，而且他资助了疫苗研究，那就是他成为阴谋论目标的原因。
Some of the claims are bonkers – that he wants to use the virus as a pretext to microchip everyone in the world.
有些说法很疯狂——他想以病毒为借口，在世界上每个人身上植入微芯片。
Others say a vaccine would actually kill people rather than save their lives.
其他人说疫苗实际上会杀死人们而不是挽救他们的生命。
These ideas are without any evidence.
这些想法没有任何证据。
We should treat them with the disdain they deserve.
我们应该对它们不屑一顾，那是它们应得的。
Some conspiracies claim that Bill Gates wants to implant microchips in people
有些阴谋论声称，比尔·盖茨想要在人体内植入微芯片，
and that he's using the coronavirus as a pretext - a pretend reason for doing something that is used to hide the real reason.
而且他以冠状病毒为借口——做某事的一个假装理由，被用来隐藏真正的原因。
Claims like these are described as bonkers – an informal way to say silly, stupid or crazy,
像这样的说法被形容为“疯狂的”——一种表示荒唐、愚蠢或疯狂的非正式说法，
and should therefore be treated with disdain - disliking something because you feel it does not deserve your attention or respect.
因此应该对它们不屑一顾——不喜欢某样东西，因为你觉得它不值得你关注或尊重。
But while you might not believe such bonkers theories yourself,
你自己可能不会相信这些疯狂的观点，
it's not hard to see how people looking for answers can get sucked down online rabbit holes.
但看到那些寻找答案的人如何陷入网络无底洞并不难。
So how would you deal with someone spreading baseless conspiracies about Covid vaccines or Bill Gates?
有人散布关于新冠肺炎疫苗或比尔·盖茨的无根据阴谋论，那么你要如何应对这些人？
The BBC's Trending programme spoke to Dr Jovan Byford, senior psychology lecturer with the Open University, about it.
英国广播公司的Trending节目同英国开放大学的高级心理学讲师约万· 拜福德博士谈到了这一点。
He thinks it's important to separate the conspiracy from the theorist.
他认为区分阴谋论和阴谋论者很重要。
The former, the belief, we have to dismiss,
前者是一种观念，我们必须摒弃，
but the latter, the person, is more complex.
但后者是人，会更复杂。
Here's BBC Trending's presenter, Marianna Spring, again to sum up Dr Byford's advice:
英国广播公司Trending节目的主持人玛丽安娜·斯普林再次总结了拜福博士的建议：
How do you talk to someone who's at risk of being sucked into the rabbit hole?
你如何与一个有可能被卷入无底洞的人交谈？
First, establish a basis of understanding.
首先，建立理解这个基础。
Approach them on their own terms and avoid sweeping dismissals or saying, "you're wrong!".
按照他们自己的方式接近他们，避免笼统否定他们，也不要说“你错了”！
Try not to judge.
尽量不要评判。
And try to get to the bottom of the often legitimate concern at the heart of the conspiracy.
要试着从阴谋论的核心弄清合理担忧的真相。
Present them with facts and research.
向他们展示事实和研究。
Try to do this neutrally.
尽量保持中立。
You can't force anyone to change their mind but you can make sure they have valid information.
你不能强迫任何人改变自己的想法，但你可以确保他们获得有效的信息。
While some conspiracies may be harmless, others are more dangerous.
虽然有些阴谋论可能无害，但有些则更危险。
People thinking that vaccines will kill them might worsen the coronavirus situation worldwide,
人们认为疫苗会杀死他们，这可能会使世界范围内的冠状病毒疫情恶化，
so we need to get to the bottom of these claims - discover the real but sometimes hidden reason why something happens.
所以我们需要弄清这些说法的真相——找出某事发生的真实原因，但有时它会隐藏起来。
A good way to engage people in discussion is to avoid sweeping claims or statements
让人们参与讨论的一个好方法是避免笼统的主张或陈述
- speaking or writing about things in a way that is too general and does not carefully consider all the relevant facts.
——以一种过于概括的方式说或写，而且没有仔细考虑所有相关事实。
And by doing so calmly and neutrally you might persuade them to reconsider the funny business Bill Gates is supposedly involved with.
通过冷静和中立地操作，你可能会说服他们重新考虑比尔·盖茨据说所做出的古怪之事。
OK. So today we've been hearing advice on how to deal with online conspiracy theories,
好的。所以今天我们一直在听取如何应对网络阴谋论的建议，
some of which are totally bonkers – silly, stupid and crazy
一些网络阴谋论完全是疯狂的——荒唐的、愚蠢的、疯狂的，
- or involve a complicated pretext – a pretend reason used to hide someone's true motivation.
或者涉及一个复杂的借口——用来隐藏某人真实动机的假装理由。
These can be treated with disdain – dislike because they are unworthy of our attention or respect.
我们可以对这些不屑一顾——不喜欢，因为它们不值得我们关注或尊重。
But with so many conspiracies online, it's easy to get lost down the rabbit hole
但是网上有这么多的阴谋论，人们很容易迷失，掉进无底洞
– intrigued by a situation which seems interesting but ends up confusing and hard to escape from.
——被看似有趣，但最后却令人困惑的情境所吸引，而且难以逃脱。
It's important to get to the bottom of these theories - discover the real but hidden reason behind them.
弄清这些阴谋论的真相很重要——发现它们背后真实但隐藏起来的原因。
And to present people with facts, avoiding sweeping – or over-generalised – statements.
而向人们展示事实就要避免笼统或过度概括的陈述。
That's all for this programme.
以上就是本期节目的全部内容。
Goodbye for now!
再见啦！
Bye bye!
拜拜！