说明
一、本表列出了普通高等专科英语课程教学中学生需要掌握的语法知识，共40项。
二、本标旨在巩固和加深学生对语法知识的理解和运用，提高学生在句子和篇章层次上的实际运用能力，因此并不要求在教学中对所列全部项目进行专题讲授。
三、标有＊号的各个项目为教学重点。
四、在制定本表过程中，主要参考了
1.《大学英语教学大纲［增订本］（高等学校理工科本科用）》，高等教育出版社，1988。
2.《大学英语教学大纲（高等学校文理课本科用）》，上海外语教育出版社，1986
Symbols & Abbreviations
/ Choice
Adj Adjective
Adv Adverb
N Noun
Prep Preposition
V Verb
V-ing Present participle / gerund
V-ed Past form of verb
V-ed Past participle
To V Infinitive
S Subject
O Object
Oi Indirect object
Od Direct object
Cs Subject complement
Co Object complement
wh-words who, when, where, how, why, which, whether.
1. Noun (名词)
1.1 Classes of N :countable vs uncountable (名词的种类：可数名词与不可数名词)
1.2 Conversion of uncountable into countable (不可数名词转化为可数名词)
1.3 Number of N (名词的数)
1.4 Irregular plurals (不规则复数)
1.5 Genitive case of N (名词的所有格)
1.6 Double genitive (双重所有格)
e.g. a portrait of Mr Brown’s (cf. a portrait of Mr Brown )
2. Pronoun （代词）
2.1 Personal pronoun (人称代词)
2.2 Possessive pronoun (物主代词)
2.3 Reflexive pronoun (反身代词)
2.4 Interrogative pronoun (疑问代词)
2.5 Indefinite pronoun (不定代词)
3. Numeral (数次)
3.1 Cardinal and ordinal numbers (基数词和序数词)
3.2 Percentage (百分数)
3.3 Fraction (分数)
3.4 Decimal (小数)
3.5 Multiple (倍数)
3.5.1 n times + N / Pron
3.5.2 n times + as + Adj / Adv
3.5.3 n times + Comparative +(than)
3.5.4 V + (by) + n times
4. Determiner （限定词）
*4.1 Definite, indefinite and zero articles （定冠词，不定冠词，零冠词）
*4.2 Any, all, both, each, every, either, neither, no, this, etc.
*4.3 Quantifiers （数量词）
e.g. many, a piece of, etc.
5. Preposition （介词）
6. Adjective （形容词）
6.1 Syntactic function as （形容词的句法功能为）：
Attributive / Predicative / Adverb clause equivalent / N （定语，表语，副词性从句和名词）
e.g. the young, the latest
*6.2 Adj + Prep
*6.3 Adj + to V
6.4 too + Adj + to V / Adj + enough + to V / so + Adj + as + to V
*6.5 be + Adj + that-clause
7. Adverb （副词）
7.1 Syntactic function as （副词的句法功能为）：
Modifier of Adj / Adv / Prep-phrase / N-Phrase / Adverb-clause （形容词、副词、介词短语、副词性从句的修饰语）
7.2 Adverbs with or without -ly （带-ly和不带-ly的副词）
e.g. high, highly; most, mostly
7.3 Position of adverbs (副词的位置)
8. The comparative and superlative degrees of Adj / Adv （形容词和副词的比较级和最高级）
9. Verb classes （动词）
9.1 Transitive and intransitive verbs （及物动词和不及物动词）
9.2 Auxiliaries and modal auxiliaries （助动词和情态动词）
*9.3 Semiauxiliaries （半助动词）
e.g. appear to, be able to, etc
*9.4 Phrasal verbs （短语动词）
e.g. depend on, turn out, catch up with, pay attention to, take place, make sure, etc
10. Tense （时态）
10.1 Simple present, past, future and with modals （一般现在时，一般过去时， 一般将来时和情态助动词加动词）
10.2 Present and past progressive （现在进行时和过去进行时0
*10.3 Future progressive and with modals （将来进行时和情态动词加进行时）
*10.4 Present and past perfect （现在完成时和过去完成时）
*10.5 Future perfect and with modals （将来完成时和情态动词加完成时）
*10.6 Present perfect progressive （现在完成进行时）
10.7 Past perfect progressive （过去完成进行时）
*11.Passive voice （被动语态）
11.1 Passive voice in simple tense （被动语态的一般时态）
11.2 Passive voice in perfect and progressive tenses （被动语态的完成和进行时态）
11.3 Passive voice of phrasal verbs （短语动词的被动语态）
12. Subjunctive mood （虚拟语气）
12.1 in conditional sentences （用于条件句中）
12.1.1 if + V-ed1, …would + V
12.1.2 if + had + had + V-ed2, … would + have + V-ed2
12.1.3 if + should / were to + V, …would + V
12.1.4 omission of if （ if 的省略）
12.2 in the following that-clause after （用于下列that从句中）：
wish
demand, suggest
It + be + suggested / desirable
suggestion, recommendation
12.3 in the following clauses and constructions （用于下列从句和结构中）：
as if, as though
It is time that
would rather / sooner that
13. To V （Infinitive 动词不定式）
13.1 as subject, object and complement （用作主语，宾语和补足语）
13.2 Indicating purpose / result （表示目的和结果）
*13.3 Modifying adjective （修饰形容词）
*13.4 as post modifier in a noun phrase （后位修饰名词）
13.5 It + (be) + Adj / N + to V
*13.6 V + it + Co + to V
*13.7 for + N + to V
*13.8 wh-words + to V(phrase) （疑问词加不定式 [短语]）
*13.9 to be + V-ed2, to have + V-ed2, to be + V-ing （不定式的被动式，完成式和进行式）
14. V-ing (Gerund 动名词)
14.1 as object, subject and predicative（用作宾语，主语和表语）
14.2 Prep + V-ing
*14.3 It + be + …+ V-ing
*14.4 N / Pron or their possessive + V-ing as subject and object（名词 / 代词或其所有格加动名词作主语和宾语）
*14.5 Prep + N / Pron or their possessive + V-ing（介词加名词 / 代词或其所有格加动名词）
*14.6 being + V-ed2, having + V-ed2, having been + V-ed2 as a noun equivalent（动名词的被动式，完成式和完成被动式起名词作用）
15. V-ing and V-ed2 (Present and past participle
15.1 as pre-modifier and post modifier in a noun phrase 现在分词和过去分词)
15.2 as complement(作补足语)
* 15.3 as an adverb clause equivalent(作状语)
* 15.4 When / while, etc. + V-ing / V-ed2 (When / While 等加现在分词或过去分词)
* 15.5 (with) N + V-ing / V-ed2 ( [ with ] 名词加现在分词或过去分词 )
* 15.6 Dangling V-ing as adverb clause equivalent(无归属现在分词作状语)
* 15.7 being + V-ed2, having + V-ed2, having been + V-ed2 as an adverb or adjective clause equivalent(现在分词的被动式、完成式和完成被动式作状语或定语)
16. Basic sentence patterns and sentence elements（基本句型和句子成份）
Pattern 1: S + V
Pattern 2: S + V + Cs
Pattern 3: S + V + O
Pattern 4: S + V + Oi + Od
Pattern 5: S + V + Od + Co
17. Transformation of basic sentence pattern（基本句型转换）
17.1 Interrogative form（疑问形式）
17.2 Negative form（否定形式）
17.3 Passive form（被动形式）
18. There be (There be结构)
18.1 There is / are / was / were + N + Adv
*18. 2 There will (modal) be / exist(s) / seem(s) to be / appear(s) to be + N + Adv
*18.3 There is / are + N + Adj / V-ing / V-ed2 / to V / relative clause（定语从句)
*19. Agreement（一致关系）
19.1 Subject and Verb（主语和谓语动词的一致关系）
19.2 Pronoun and antecedent（代词和其先行词的一致关系）
20. Noun clause（名词从句)
20.1 that and omission of that, which(ever), who(ever), whom, whose
*20.2 when, where, why, how, how much / many / long / often
*20.3 whether, if
*20.4 what(ever)
*20.5 what (=the thing which)
21. Relative clause（定语从句)
21.1 Restrictive and non-restrictive（限制性和非限制性定语从句)
21.2 that, which, who, whom, when, where, why
* 21.3 whose
*.21.4 Omission of that / which (that / which的省略)
*21.5 (N / Pron + ) Prep + which / whom / whose
*21.6 the same / such…as
*.21.7 that (relative adverb) and its omission（关系副词that及其省略)
*21.8 which / as (with sentential antecedent) (which / as指代句子)
22. Apposition (同位)
22.1 Noun (phrase) in apposition（名词[短语]的同位语)
22.2 Appositive clause（同位语从句)
22.3 Noun phrase appositive to clause（名词短语作句子的同位语)
e.g.… an example of what we call…
22.4 Explicit indicators of apposition（引出同位关系的明示标识词）
e.g. that is (to say), for example
23. Clause of time and space（时间从句和地点从句）
23.1 when(ever), while, as, after, before, since
*23.2 where(ever)
*23.3 until, till
*23.4 once, the moment, as soon as, each time, immediately (that), no sooner…than
24. Clauses of condition, concession and contrast（条件从句、让步从句和对比从句）
24.1 if, unless
*24.2 provided / providing (that), as / so long as, in case, on condition that, supposing
24.3 thought, although, whether, even though, even if
*24.4 no matter + wh-words
*24.5 wh-words + -ever
*24.6 whereas, while
*24.7 Adj / Adv + as / though
25. Clauses of cause, result and purpose（原因从句、结果从句和目的从句）
25.1 because, as, since, (so)…that, so(that), in order that
*25.2 now (that), seeing that, considering that, in that
*25.3 for fear that, lest
*26. Clauses of manner and comparison（方式从句和比较从句）
26.1 as, as…as, not so(so)…as, more than, less than, no / not more than
26.2 as, just as
26.3 as if, as though
*27. Clauses of proportion and other types（比例从句和其它从句）
27.1 the…, the…
27.2 as…so
27.3 except that
27.4 as-clause following a noun and functioning as a relative clause（名词后的as从句作定语）
e.g. Light as it comes from the sun is…
*28. Coordination（并列）
Coordinators: and, both…and, not only…but(also), as well as, either…or, neither…nor, whether…or, not…but, for, etc.
*29. Clause with introductory it（用引导词it 的从句）
29.1 Anticipatory it as subject or object
*29.2 it in emphatic sentence
e.g. It is / was…that / who
*30. Pro-form（替代形式）
30.1 Pro-forms for noun phrases（名词短语的替代形式）
30.1.1 3rd person pronouns, and plurals of the 1st and 2nd person pronouns（第三人称代词，第一、二人称代词的复数）
30.1.2 indefinite pronouns（不定代词）( + of + N / Pron)
30.1.3 one, ones, that, those
30.1.4 the same, the former, the latter
30.2 Pro-forms for adverbials（副词的替代形式）
here, then, thus
30.3 Pro-forms for predicate（谓语的替代形式）
30.3.1 do, do so
30.3.2 so do, so will
30.4 Sentence / Clause reference（句子或从句的替代形式）
30.4.1 this, the following
30.4.2 so, not
e.g. A: Do you think he will come?
B: Yes, I think so. (or) No, I think not.
*31. Multiple modification（多级修饰）
31.1 Multiple premodification（多级前位修饰）
e.g. possibilities of obtaining water from under the ground
31.2 Multiple postm（多级后位修饰）
*32. Discontinuous modification（割裂修饰）
32.1 Separation of relative clause from its antecedent（定语从句与所修饰的名词割裂）
32.2 Separation of V-ing / V-ed / Prep-phrase from its head noun（现在分词 / 过去分词 / 介词短语与所修饰的名词割裂）
32.3 Separation of appositive(clause)from its antecedent（同位语[从句]与所同位的词的割裂）
32.4 Separation of Prep-phrase from adjective（介词短语与形容词割裂）
e.g. different techniques from those
*33. Subject-verb inversion（主语与谓语倒装）
33.1 Sentences beginning with neither, nor, so, etc.
33.2 Sentences beginning with negative adverb expressions
e.g. hardly, never, rarely, etc.
33.3 Sentences beginning with adverbs of position and direction
e.g. here, there, down, away, etc.
33.4 Sentences beginning with a fronted predicative
e.g. More important is the principle of…
33.5 Sentences beginning with only + Adv, not only
*34. Parenthesis（插入语）
e. g. actually, generally speaking, to be exact, as a result, as you see, etc.
*35. Omission（省略）
35.1 Omission through coordination （并列结构中的省略）
e. g. It’s cold in December in England, but (it’s cold ) in July in New Zealand.
35.2 Omission in the following clauses:（下列从句中的省略）
Whether…or not, whatever, as, than, the…,the…
*36. Negation （否定）
36.1 Total negation（全部否定）
36.2 Partial negation （部分否定）
36.3 Double negation （双重否定）
35.4 Transferred negation （转移否定）
e. g. I don’t think it will be cold today.
*37. Emphasis（强调）
37.1 By single words or phases（用单个词或词组）
e. g. only, even, just, ever, alone, must, still, too, very, a good (great) deal, (by) far, a lot etc.
37.2 By reflexive pronouns, auxiliary verb do or emphatic it（用反身代词、助动词do或强调结构中的it）
37.3 By inversion or competition(用倒装或重复)
e.g. Hardly did I think it possible.
I agree with every word you have said�every single word.
*38. Word formation(构词法)
38.1 Affixation(词缀法)
38.2 Conversion(转化法)
38.3 Compounding(合成法)
*39. Abbreviation(缩略法)
e.g. TV, ad, smog, etc.
40. Punctuation(标点)