一、母语干扰型
许多同学在进行英语写作时，很容易受汉语的影响而写错句子，即写出所谓的Chinlish。这是最常见的错误之一。如：
1. 事实上，这个人年纪很轻。
误：In fact, the man’s age is very young.
正：In fact, the man is very young.
析：中国人常说“年纪轻”，但英语中的 young 本身就有“年纪轻”的意思，它习惯上不再与age 搭配使用。类似地，汉语说“他年纪很大”，不能译成 His age is very old，而应是 He is very old.
2. 我的工作太忙，我不能来。
误：My work is too busy and I can’t come.
正：I’m too busy and I can’t come.
析：汉语说“工作忙”，实际上是指“人忙”。类似地，要表达汉语中的“我的事情很忙”，英语只需说 I’m busy 就够了，而不能说成 My things are busy.
3. 这个老太太的左眼瞎了。
误：The old woman’s left eye is blind.
正：The old woman is blind in the left eye.
析：汉语中说“眼瞎”，而按英语习惯却要说“人瞎”，瞎在哪儿?瞎在“眼睛”，所以英语中要表达类似意思总是用“人”作主语，而用介词短语引出“瞎”的位置。同样地，要表示“他的左腿是跛的”，不能说成 His left leg is lame, 而应说成 He is lame in his left leg.
4. 他身体很好，很少生病。
误：His body is good / healthy, and seldom falls ill.
正：He’s healthy, and seldom falls ill.
析：汉语说“身体好”，其实是指某人的健康处于一种良好的状态，而绝不是指他的躯体是完好的。
5. 我讨厌周末拥挤的交通。
误：I hate the crowded traffic on weekends.
正：I hate the busy / heavy traffic on weekends.
析：汉语可说“拥挤的交通、街道、房间、商店等”，而英语中虽然可说 crowded streets / rooms, shops等，但习惯上不说 crowded traffic。
6. 汤姆打了鲍勃的脸。
误：Tom hit Bob’s face.
正：Tom hit Bob in the face.
析：汉语中可以说“打某人的脸”，而英语中必须先说“打某人”再+介词+the+身体的某个部位。又如“打某人的鼻子”译为hit sb. on the nose.“抓住某人的胳膊”译为catch sb. by the arm.
二、成分残缺型
许多同学在进行英语写作时，通常不考虑句子的完整性而写出一些成分残缺的句子。如：
1. 他的笔头英语不错，但口语不行。
误：His written English is good, but not good at spoken English.
正：His written English is good, but his spoken English is not good.
正：He is good at written English, but not good at spoken English.
析：误句中 but 后的句子缺适当的主语，因为 good at spoken English 的主语应是“他”，而不是 his written English。
2. 英语很有趣，我的确很喜欢。
误：English is very interesting, and I really like very much.
正：English is very interesting, and I really like it very much.
析：like 是及物动词，其后通常应有宾语。
3. 别怕，我们会帮你的。
误：Don’t afraid; we’ll help you.
正：Don’t be afraid; we’ll help you.
析：误句谓语不完整，因为 afraid 是形容词，不是动词，不能单独作谓语，必须和连系动词一起构成谓语。当然，若说成 Don’t fear，则完全可以。
4.住在我隔壁的李明是个医生。
误：Li Ming, lives next to me, is a doctor.
正：Li Ming, who lives next to me, is a doctor.
正：Li Ming, living next to me, is a doctor.
析：误句中定语成分不完整。定语从句是一个完整的句子，当先行词指人且关系代词在从句中作主语时要用that或who。也可用现在分词短语作后置定语。
5. 你介意我问你一个问题吗?
误：Do you mind I ask you a question?
正：Do you mind if I ask you a question?
正：Do you mind my asking you a question?
析：误句中的主句和从句之间缺少连接词。也可以用动名词短语作mind的宾语。
6. 他考试及格了使他妈妈很高兴。
误：He passed the exam made his mother very happy.
正：That he passed the exam made his mother very happy.
正：He passed the exam, which made his mother very happy.
析：误句中的主语应该是由主语从句来承担的。that引导主语从句，不做成分，无实际意义，但不能省略。也可以用非限定性定语从句。
三、想当然型
有的同学在写作时，常将一些似是而非的东西想当然乱用，不注意语言的准确性和地道性。如：
1. 我说两个小时的时候，那是包括了吃饭的时间。
误：When I say two hours, which includes the time for eating.
正：When I say two hours, that includes the time for eating.
析：许多同学往往想当然地认为在逗号后面总是用 which 引导定语从句，而不用 that。其实，本句中的 that includes the time for eating 不是定语从句，而是主句(that 用作主句主语)，其前的 when I say two hours 为状语从句。
2. 你应该更注意练习你的英语口语。
误：You should pay more attention to practise your spoken English.
正：You should pay more attention to practising your spoken English.
析：有的同学们认为to后总是接动词原形，构成不定式。其实，此句中的to不是不定式符号，而是介词，所以其后的动词要用原形。
3. 几年前，对大多数中国人来说，在家里有一台电脑的想法还是不大现实的。
误：Just a few years ago, the idea to have a computer in one's home seemed very difficult for most Chinese.
正：Just a few years ago, the idea of having a computer in one's home seemed very difficult for most Chinese.
析：许多同学认为表示做某事就用动词不定式，这要根据具体情况来定。idea后面要用of短语说明idea的内容。
4. 尽管他只有十六岁，但是他已经学会用英语和外国人交谈了。
误：Although he is a boy of sixteen, but he has learned to talk with the foreigners in English.
正：Although he is a boy of sixteen, he has learned to talk with the foreigners in English.
正：He is a boy of sixteen, but he has learned to talk with the foreigners in English.
析：许多同学往往认为“虽然…但是”是关联词组。但although是从属连词，而but为并列连词，故不能同时出现在同一句中。类似的还有because和so，也不能连用。
5. 他迟到的原因是因为他没赶上早班车。
误：The reason why he was late is because he didn’t catch the early bus.
正：The reason why he was late is that he didn’t catch the early bus.
析：许多同学认为“因为”表原因就用because，但在此句The reason why…is that中that引导表语从句，无实际意义。
6. 他说他将尽最大努力学好英语。
误：He said he would do what he could learn English well.
正：He said he would do what he could to learn English well.
正：He said he would do / try his best to learn English well.
析：情态动词后只能跟动词原形。于是有的同学就出现了误句。实际上，此句中“学好英语”是“尽最大努力”的目的状语，应该用不定式。
四、思维定势型
有的同学不能灵活地运用所学知识进行表达，而是凭印象观念，结果写错句子。
1. 我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。
误：I’ll never forget the days when we spent together.
正：I’ll never forget the days which / that we spent together.
析：有的同学记住了定语从句的规则，当先行词指时间时，关系词用when，而没用考虑它在定语从句中做什么成分。此句中的spent是及物动词，应由which或that替代the days作它的宾语。
2. 炎日下没有比一杯冷饮更让人愉悦的了。
误：Few pleasures can equal those of a cool drink on a hot day.
正：Few pleasures can equal that of a cool drink on a hot day.
析：有的同学只知道用that指代前面的单数或不可数名词，用those指代复数名词。殊不知，此句中Few pleasures和a cool drink这种乐趣相比，因此应该看成单数概念。
3. 他从上一星期二一直病着。
误：He has been ill from last Tuesday.
正：He has been ill since last Tuesday.
析：有的同学认为“从…”译为from, 如：从7点到9点from7 to 9;从家到学校from home to school. 但在现在完成式中却用since.
4. 那个丢失的孩子最后一次被看见在河边玩。
误：The missing boy was last seen to play near the river.
正：The missing boy was last seen playing near the river.
析：有的同学只记得：在主动语态中感官动词后面不带to,而变为被动语态时则必须带to. 因此没有具体分析，此句是考查感官动词后接现在分词表示动态情景。“看见某人正在做某事”译为see sb. doing sth.,变为被动语态为sb. is seen doing sth.
5. 他很少上学迟到，如果有的话，也很少。
误：He is seldom, if any , late for school.
正：He is seldom, if ever, late for school.
析：有的同学知道any用于if引导的条件状语从句中，但此句是一个省略句，完整的句子为He is seldom, if he has ever been , late for school. 用if ever表示如果曾经迟到过的话。
6. 他把雨伞忘在火车上了。
误：He has forgot his umbrella on the train.
正：He has left his umbrella on the train.
析：“遗忘”译为forget 或leave.但二者是由区别的：leave 多于表示场所的地点状语连用，而forget 通常不与表场所的地点状语连用。外出时把东西忘记在家里的时候通常用forget. 如：“我忘了带驾驶证”译为I’ve forgot the driver’s license.
五、结构误配型
有的同学在写作时，常常把一些固定词组、习惯用语和固定句型错误搭配，结果写出来的句子让人看不懂。
1. 你愿意帮我忙吗?
误：Will you give me a favour?
正：Will you do me a favour?
析：“帮某人一个忙”、“给某人恩惠”应是do sb. a favour.
2. 在回家的路上，史密斯夫人的钱包被抢了。
误：Mrs. Smith’s wallet was robbed from her on her way home.
正：Mrs. Smith’s wallet was stolen from her on her way home.
正：Mrs. Smith’s wallet was robbed of her on her way home.
析：“抢某人某物”译为steal +某物+from+某人或场所，或rob+人或场所+of +某物。
3. 你认为工程师的演讲怎么样?
误：How do you think of the speech made by the engineer?
正：What do you think of the speech made by the engineer?
析：本句的错误在于有同学对what …think of的结构概念模糊加上母语的干扰而造成的。What在这一结构中作think的宾语。what do you think of…还可以说How do you like…? How在句子中是疑问副词，作状语。
4. 这个问题很难懂。
误：The question is hard to be understood.
正：The question is hard to understand.
析：在“主语+be+形容词+不定式”的句式结构中，主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。又如：The man is hard to work with.其中，与不定式习惯搭配或根据表达需要的介词不能省略。
5. 她有如此好的一位父亲，以致于我们都很羡慕她。
误：She has a so good father that we all admire her.
正：She has so good a father that we all admire her.
正：She has such a good father that we all admire her.
析：so是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词，常用于so+ adj. / adv.+ that…句型中，表示“如此…以致于”。在单数可数名词前可用so+ adj.+ a+名词+that…句型，相当于such +a +adj. + 单数名词+ that结构。
6. 他可不是那种先想到自己后想到别人的人。
误：It’s not like him of thinking of himself before thinking of others.
正：It’s not like him to think of himself before thinking of others.
析：表示“某人(恰恰)就是…这个样子”，用It’s (just) like sb. to do sth.说明赞成或不满。若用否定式则表示怀疑。
六、句型混乱型
有的同学对句型掌握得不牢固，对相似句型分析不透彻，用起来易于混淆，造成错句。
1. 他不可能通过考试。
误：It is impossible of him to pass the exam.
正：It is impossible for him to pass the exam.
析：这是一个没有区别清楚It is + adj.+ of +sb. to do sth.与It is + adj.+ for +sb. to do sth. 两句型的典型错误。如果句中的形容词与某人之间存在逻辑关系时，用of以说明其本身所具有的特点。如：It is very kind of you to say so.(可以说：You are very kind); 如果句中的形容词与某人之间不存在逻辑关系则使用for.如：It is important for us to learn English well.(不能说：We are important.)
2. 他去巴黎了。
误：He has been to Paris.
正：He has gone to Paris.
析：have been 表示某人去过某地，现在不在那里；has gone 表示某人到某地去了，现在不在这里。
3. 这是我有生以来第一次搭乘飞机。
误：This is the first time I took an airplane in my life.
正：This is the first time I have taken an airplane in my life.
析：This is the first time后面的从句应该用现在完成时，而It is time that后面的句子用一般过去时。如：该是上床睡觉的时间了。译为It’s time that we went to bed.
4. 他表示希望再到中国来访问。
误：He expressed the hope which he would come over to visit China again.
正：He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.
析：误句是把同位语从句和定语从句混用。在同位语从句中，连词that不做句子成分，也无实际意义，只是用来引导同位语从句说明主句的内容。在定语从句中that或which一方面替代先行词，一方面引导从句而且必须在定语从句中充当主语或宾语等成分。
5. 我昨天晚上直到10点才做完作业。
误：It was not until 10o’clock last night when I finished my homework.
正：It was not until 10o’clock last night that I finished my homework.
析：强调句与定语从句混用。“It +be的一定形式+被强调成分+ that / who +陈述句”构成强调句结构，如果被强调的是人则用that或who，其它用that. That或who不做成分也无实际意义。而定语从句中的when替代表示时间的先行词且在定语从句中做时间状语。
6. 过了大门你就会找到动物园的入口 。
误：Go through the gate, you’ll find the entrance of the zoo.
正：Go through the gate, and you’ll find the entrance to the zoo.
正：If you go through the gate, you’ll find the entrance to the zoo.
析：误句中前后两部分无连接词，使整个句子不伦不类，既不是复合句也不是并列句。所以应该或者用if引导条件状语从句构成复合句，或者用and连结构成并列句。下面的构成也是错误的：If you go through the gate, and you’ll find the entrance to the zoo.另外，表示“…的入口”用介词to。
七、规则硬套型
1. 站在门口的那个人是谁?
误：Who is the man who was standing at the door?
正：Who is the man that was standing at the door?
析：当先行词指人时，引导定语从句的关系代词用who或that。有的同学套用这个规则，结果写出误句。当主句中有who, which 以及指示代词that, those时，后面定语从句中的关系代词应避免与主句的同形。因此,本句中引导定语从句的关系代词应为that。
2. 你做得越早越好。
误：The more sooner you will do it, the more better it will be.
正：The sooner you do it, the better it will be.
析：表示“越…越…”，用比较级句型the more… the more.其中more代表形容词或副词的比较级，而不能死搬硬套。另外，此句型前半部分是比较状语从句，后一个是主句。主句是一般将来时态时，从句要用一般现在时代替将来时。
3. 我不喜欢游泳，他也是。
误：I don’t like swimming, so does he.
正：I don’t like swimming, neither / nor does he.
析：如果前面所说的是一种肯定的情况，而且这种情况也适合于后一个人，则用so+助动词+主语。如果前面所说的是一种否定的情况，则用neither / nor+助动词+主语。是根据前一句而不是后一句。此句汉语的“他也是”指“他也不喜欢”。
4. 他说他感到不舒服。我问他怎么啦。
误：He said he didn’t feel well and I asked what the matter was.
正：He said he didn’t feel well and I asked what was the matter.
析：学习宾从要注意，陈述语序记心里。而 What’s the matter? What’s wrong? 这两个句子结构都是主+系+表。其中what是句子的主语，所以在宾语从句中时，都没有语序的变化。
5. 那个老师的课枯燥无味，是不是?
误：The teacher’s class was uninteresting, was it?
正：The teacher’s class was uninteresting, wasn’t it?
正：The teacher’s class was not interesting, was it?
析：反意疑问句中，如果陈述部分用肯定，疑问部分怎用否定，同样，前否定后肯定。这里的肯定和否定是指结构上而不是意义上。如果陈述部分带有un-, im-, dis-等前缀构成的派生词，该陈述句仍作肯定处理，疑问部分应用否定形式。
6. 直到怀特先生回来，汤姆才离开。
误：It was until Mr. White came back that Tom didn’t leave.
正：It was not until Mr. White came back that Tom left.
析：强调句结构为It + be的一定形式+被强调成分+that / who…。但如果句子中含有not…until时，应该将not同until置于be后。
八、否定模糊型
有的同学对于否定的概念模糊，不知如何否定，有时会写出不合规则或有异义的句子。
1. 我认为没有必要买大的。
误：I think it's not necessary to buy the bigger one.
正：I don’t think it is necessary to buy the bigger one.
析：有些动词如think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, fancy等的主语是第一人称单数且一般现在时，表示否定的观点应用I don’t think…，而I think… not则属于汉语式表达习惯。
2. 我们直到天全黑了才到家。
误：We arrived home until it became completely dark.
正：We didn’t arrive home until it became completely dark.
析：此汉语句子里面尽管没有否定词，但until用于肯定句时意为“直到…为止”；用于否定句时，其意为“在…以前”。因此，表示“直到…才”用not…until。
3. 如果没有受到邀请的话，我是不会去参加舞会的。
误：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m not invited.
正：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m invited.
正：I’ll not go to the party if I’m not invited.
析：unless“除非”、“如果不”，常可用if…not来替换。误句中的条件状语从句双重否定表示肯定，结果与原句意思相反。
4. 那孩子不够大不能去上学。
误：The child is not old enough not to go to school.
正：The child is not old enough to go to school.
正：The child is too young to go to school.
析：这是学生最容易写错的句子。enough to“足以、足够”。原句中“不够大不能去上学”意思是“不够上学的年龄”，故应译为not old enough to go to school。
5. 他们两个都不说英语。
误：Both of them don’t speak English.
正：Neither of them speaks English.
析：中国学生特别对于all…not 和both…not等这种部分否定结构，很容易理解成全部否定。两者全部否定用neither, 三者以上用none。
6. 开车时再小心也不过分。
误：You can be too careful in driving a car.
正：You can not be too careful in driving a car.
析：cannot…too“无论作…也不过分”。
九、助词遗漏型
有的同学对于某些句子结构不明了，写出来的句子会不符合句子结构或语法逻辑。
1. 他们渴望知道中国的所有事情，并问了我很多问题。
误：They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.
正：They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.
析：eager是形容词。形容词不能单独作谓语，应该与连系动词一起构成“系+表”结构。
2. 别让小孩干重活。
误：Not set the boy to do heavy work.
正：Don’t set the boy to do heavy work.
析：肯定祈使句用动词原形开头，而否定祈使句则用Don’t + 动词原形。
3. 不经允许任何人不能进来。
误：No one can come in without permitted.
正：No one can come in without being permitted.
析：介词without后应用动名词，根据句义应用动名词的被动结构，即being+动词的过去分词。
4. 如果明天下雨的话，我们就不去散步了。
误：If it rain tomorrow, we would not go out for a walk.
正：If it rained / should rain / were to rain tomorrow, we would not go out for a walk.
析：与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，if条件句用动词的过去时或should+动词原形或were to + 动词原形。Should 不能省略。
5. 正在建的大楼是餐厅。
误：The building which being built is a dinning-room.
正：The building which is being built is a dinning-room.
正：The building being built is a dinning-room.
析：误句中的定语从句中缺少助动词。进行式的被动语态由be的一定形式+ being+动词的过去分词构成，或用现在分词的被动语态作定语。
6. 明年这个时候，我们就能完成任务了。
误：This time next year, we will able to finish the task.
正：This time next year, we will be able to finish the task.
析：be able to“能、能够”，将来时为will / shall+ be able to, 其中的be很容易漏掉。
十、逐字翻译型
有的同学在写作时，不考虑任何的语法规则，也不顾及任何语言环境，只是靠汉语的字面意思字字翻译。
1. 你比较喜欢什么，足球还是篮球?
误：Do you like better what, basketball or football?
正：Which do you like better, basketball or football?
析：首先，特殊疑问句应该把特殊疑问词放在句首。what和which都可作疑问代词。但what是指不知内容的“什么”，而which是指“哪一个”，一般要有两项或以上供选择的事物。根据句子的补充信息basketball or football可以判断，疑问词应用which。
2. 老板说窗子还没有修好。
误：The boss said the window had not repaired yet.
正：The boss said the window had not been repaired yet.
析：本句的谓语动词应该用被动语态，window在句子中是repair行为的对象，是它的逻辑宾语。
3. 每天起床后，我自己先穿衣服，然后再给弟弟穿衣。
误：After I get up, I dress myself, then I dress coat for my brother every day.
正：After I get up, I dress myself, then I dress my brother every day.
析：dress“给…穿衣”，后面跟人，不能跟衣服。如果按字面翻译，就会译出误句中的dress coat。
4. 他好像看过那场电影。
误：He seemed that he had seen the film.
正：It seemed that he had seen the film.
正：He seemed to have seen the film.
析：seem“似乎、好像”。常用于It seemed / seems that…或sb. seems / seemed to be / do…等句型中。
5. 早起早睡是好习惯。
误：Go to bed early and get up early is a good habit.
正：Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
析：动词原形不能作主语，此句应用动名词作主语。
6. 他们去了一处森林，并在那儿搞了一次野餐。
误：They went to a forest, there they had a picnic.
正：They went to a forest, and there they had a picnic.
正：They went to a forest, where / in which they had a picnic.
析：此或者用where或in which 引导定语从句，或者用and连接前后并列分句。