重点中学英语语法讲义-状语从句
一、概说
状语从句即指在主从复合句用作状语的从句。按照其意义，状语从句可分为时时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句等。状语从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点，也是历年高考重点考查的内容之一。学习状语从句主要应注意引导状语从句的从属连词的用法与区别，以及从属连词在一定的语言环境中的意义与用法。
二、时间状语从句
1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词
引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多，如较基本的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as 等：
Things were different when I was a child. 我小时候情况与现在不同。
We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。
It’s a long time since I met you last. 从上次见到你，已有很长时间了。
He waited until she was about to leave. 他等着一直到她准备离开。
除以上基本的引导时间状语从句的从属连词外，还有些本来不是从属连词却可用作从属连词的词：
(1) 表示“一…就”的从属连词：the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。如：
Immediately he came I told him the news. 他一来我就把消息告诉了他。
The moment I saw him I knew there was no hope. 我一看到他就知道没希望了。
We had no sooner set out than it began to rain. 我们刚出发就下雨了。
Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。
(2) 涉及time的几个从属连词：every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，the last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。如：
Every time I see her I’ll think of it. 每次我看到她，我就想起这事。
He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。
He didn’t tell me the last time I saw him. 我上次见到他时他没告诉我。
2. 时间状语从句与及其主句的时态
关于这个问题有两点值得注意：
(1) 当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时，时间状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态：
Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。
I will tell him as soon as he arrives. 他一来我就告诉他。
(2) 与since 从句搭配的主句的时态通常是现在完成时态：
He has lived here since 1999. 自1999年以来，他就一直住在这儿。
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?
注：在特定的语言环境中有时也可能用过去完成时或一现在时：
It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。
Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。
三、条件状语从句
1. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词
主要的有if, unless, as [so] long as等：
You can leave now if you like. 如果你愿意现在就可以走了。
As long as it doesn’t rain we can go. 只要不下雨，我们就可以去。
注：除以上基本的引导条件状语从句的从属连词外，还有的动词尤其是其分词形式(如suppose, supposing, provided, providing等)和介词短语(如in case, on condition that等)也可用作连词表示条件：
If case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记，请提醒我一下。
I will come on condition (that) she is invited too. 如果邀请她来, 那我就来。
He may go with us provided [providing] he arrives in time. 他若及时到，就可以和我们一起走。
Suppose 和supposing 引导条件状语从句时，通常用于主句为疑问句的场合：
Suppose the boss saw you，what would he say? 如果老板看到你，他会怎样说?
Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him? 他若不来，是不是不带他去?
2. 条件状语从句的时态
当主句为将来时态或具有将来意时，条件状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态：
In case he comes, let me know. 如果他来，告诉我一声。
I’ll stay at home if it rains tomorrow. 要是明天下雨，我就呆在家里。
注：有时也可见到 if you will 这样的说法，但那不是将来时态，而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(此处的 will是情态动词)：
If you will wait for a moment, I’ll go and tell the manager that you are here. 请等一下，我去告诉经理说你来了。
四、目的状语从句
1. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词
主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等：
Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 讲清楚些，以便他们能理解你。
He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam. 他努力学习以便能考试及格。
Shut the window for fear that it may rain. 把窗子关上以防下雨。
注：so that 引导目的状语从句时有时可省略so而只用that，有时也可只用so：
Bring it closer that I might see it better. 拿近些，使我能看得清楚些。
I’ll show you so you can see how it’s done. 我将做给你看，以便你知道应怎样干。
2. 目的状语从句与状语短语的转换
为了简洁起见，当目的状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，目的状语从句有时可用表目的的不定式短语替换：
He got up early so that he could catch the early bus. / He got up early so as to catch the early bus. 他起床很早以便赶上早班车。
He came in quietly in order that he shouldn’t wake his wife. / He came in quietly in order not to wake his wife. 他轻轻进来，以免把他妻子吵醒。
有时还可与表示目的的介词短语替换：
He left an hour early for fear he might miss the train. / He left an hour early for fear of missing the train. 他提前一小时离开，以免错过火车。z
3. in case的用法说明
in case既可引导目的状语从句，也可引导条件状语从句，主要视句意而定：
In case he comes, let me know. 如果他来，告诉我一声。
Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。
注：in case引导目的状语从句，从句有时可用“should+动词原形”这样的形式：
Take your coat in case it rains (should rain). 带着雨衣以防下雨。
五、结果状语从句
1. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词
主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等：
He studied hard so that he passed the exam. 他学习用功，所以考试通过了。
He was so angry that he couldn’t speak. 他气得话都说不出来。
He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大，结果玻璃震破了。
注：so…that和such…that中的that有时(尤其在口语中)可省略：
I am so busy I have no time to write a letter. 我很忙，连写信的时间都没有。
There was such a lot of rain (that) we couldn’t go out. 雨那么大，我们没法出去。
2. so…that与such…that的用法比较
从用法上看，so后应接形容词或副词，而such后接名词(参见以上例句)。但有时“so+形容词”后还可接一个名词，且这个名词总是带不定冠词的单数可数名词(不能是复数名词或不可数名词)：
正：He is so clever a child that we all like him. 这小孩很聪明，我们都喜欢他。
正：They are such clever children that we all like them. 这些孩子很聪明，我们都很喜欢。
误：They are so clever children that we all like them.
此时的so…that结构可与such…that结构转换：
It’s such an interesting film that we all want to see it. 这电影很有趣，我们都想看。
It’s so interesting a film that we all want to see it. 这电影很有趣，我们都想看。
注：在much, many, little, few 这四个词前总是用so而不用such：
He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over. 他摔了许多跤，结果全身都是伤。
He earns so little money that he can hardly feed his family. 他赚的钱很少几乎不能养家糊口。
3. 结果状语从句与不定式短语的转换
由so that和so…that引导的结果状语从句有时可与表结果的so as to和so…as to引出的不定式短语转换：
He arrived late so that he missed the train. / He arrived late so as to miss the train. 他到得很迟，结果未赶上火车。
He wrote so carefully that he made no mistakes. / He wrote so carefully as to make no mistakes. 他写得很仔细，所以没有出错。
4. so that引导目状语和结果状语的区别
(1)含义上的区别：引导目的状语从句时表示的是一种意欲或可能性，引导结果从句时表示的是一种事实。
(2) 形式上的区别：引导目的从句之前不用逗号(说话时也不停顿)，而结果从句之前则通常有逗号(说话时常有停顿)；有时引导结果状语从句时其前也可以没有逗号，此时可看从句中是否有 can中/ could, may / might, will /would 以及should等情态动词，如果没有，则多半是结果从句。比较：
We’ve come early so that the meeting can begin promptly. 我们来得很早，以便可以马上开会。(so that 引导目的状语从句)
We are all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到齐了，终于能开会了。 (so that 引导结果状语从句)
I am going to the lecture early so that I’ll get a good seat. 我想早点去听演讲，以便找个好座位。(so that 引导目的状语从句)
I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早，所以找个好座位。(so that 引导结果状语从句)
另外，so that引导目的从句时有时可放在主句之前，而引导结果从句时却不能：
正：So that he could buy a new car, he saved a lot of money. 他节省了一大笔钱，以便能买辆新车。(引导目的状语从句)(www.yygrammar.com)
误：So that I could hardly stand, I was tired.(引导结果状语从句不能置于句首，可改为I was tired so that I could hardly stand. 我很累，几乎站不稳了。)
5. so…that和such…that有时不引导结果状语句
so…that和such…that可以引导结果状语从句，但并不是说它们引导的从句就一定是结果状语。请看以下句子：
I’m so happy that you could visit us. 我很高兴你能来看望我们。(其中的so用于加强语气，相当于very)
It’s such a great pleasure that you are here. 你在这里是非常令人高兴的事。(其中的that引导的是主语从句，句首的it为形式主语)
六、原因状语从句
1. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词
主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)等：
He can’t have gone out because the light’s on. 他不可能出去了，因为灯还亮着。
Since [As] we’ve no money, we can’t buy it. 由于我们没钱，我们无法购买它。
Seeing that it’s raining，we’d better stay indoors. 既然外边在下雨，我们最好待在室内。
Now that you are here, you’d better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧(既来之，则安之)。
注：除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导原因状语从句的从属连词外，when有时也可引导原因状语从句(when表示“既然”)：
I can’t tell you when you won’t listen. 既然你不想听，我就不告诉你了。
2. 关于not…because结构
该结构中的否定词有时否定主句，有时否定从句，一般要根据句子的意思作出正确或合乎逻辑的理解。若not否定主句，最好在because之前用逗号，否则会引起歧义，如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释：
I didn’t go because I was afraid. 我没有去是因为怕。/ 我不是因为怕才去。
不过若because之前有just修饰，一般认为not 是否定从句的：
You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。
3. because习惯上不与so连用
汉语习惯上说“因为…所以…”，但英语习惯上却不能将 so与because 连用：
因为下雨，所以我们呆在家里。
正：Because it was raining, we stayed at home. / It was raining, so we stayed at home.
误：Because it was raining, so we stayed at home.
4. because 从句与 because of短语的转换
Because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换：
He can’t come because he is ill. / He can’t come because of his illness. 他因病不能来。
I said nothing about it because his wife was there. / I said nothing about it because of his wife’s being there. 因为他妻子在那儿，我对此事只字未提。
七、让步状语从句
1. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词
主要的有although, though, even though, even if等：
Although he is poor, he’s still happy. 虽然他很穷，他仍然很快乐。
I will try it, though I may fail. 即使我可能失败, 我也要试一下。
We’ll go even if it rains. 即使下雨我们也要去(www.yygrammar.com)。
注：除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导让步状语从句外，还应注意以下情况：
(1) 用when 和while引导让步状语从句。不要认为when和while只引导时间状语从句，其实它们也可引导让步状语从句，意思是“尽管”或“虽然”：
She stopped when she ought to have continued. 尽管她应该继续下去，她却停住了。
While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you. 虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。
(2) 用whether…or…引导让步状语从句：
I’ll do it whether you like it or not. 不管你是否喜欢，我都要做。
Whether we help him or not, he will fail. 不论我们帮助他与否, 他都将失败。
(3) 用whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever 等引导让步状语从句：
He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。
Come whenever you like. 你爱什么时候来就什么时候来。
2. whatever, however 等-ever词用法说明
这些词在用法应注意以下几点：
(1) 它们均可引导让步状语从句，意为“无论…”：
Whatever you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。
Whoever telephones, tell them I’m out. 不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。
Whichever day you come, I’ll be pleased to see you. 无论你哪天来，我都欢迎。
Whenever you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。
Wherever he goes, I’ll go. 不管他去哪里，我也去。
(2) 它们引导让步状语从句时，通常可换成no matter…，如说：
No matter what you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。
No matter when you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。
No matter how much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。
(3) 注意however的以下种句型：
① however+主语+谓语：
However you travel, it’ll take you at least three days. 不管你怎么走，至少要三天。
However you come, be sure to come early. 不管你怎么来，一定要早来。
② however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语：
However much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。
However cold it is, she always goes swimming. 不管天多冷，她都会去游泳。
有时该结构中的主语和谓语可以有所省略：
He was of some help, however small. 他总能帮些忙，不管多小的忙。
I refuse, however favorable the condition. 不管条件多好，我都不接受。
(4) 有时从句谓语可用情态动词：
I’ll find him, wherever he is [may be]. 无论他在哪里，我都要找到他。
Keep calm, whatever happens [may happen]. 无论发生什么事都要保持冷静。
(5) whenever有时可引导时间状语从句，wherever 有时可引导地点状语从句：
Whenever we see him we speak to him. 每次见到他，我们都和他说话。
They teach wherever their pupils are working. 学生在哪里工作，教师们就在哪里上课。
注：其中的whatever, whoever, whichever除引导状语从句，也可引导名词性从句，参见本讲义“名词性从句”一章。
3. 为什么不能说 (al)though…but
汉语中可说“虽然…但是…”，但按英语习惯，通常不能说although…but或though…but：
虽然很危险，但我要试试。
误：Although it is dangerous, but I will try.
正：Although it is dangerous, I will try. / It is dangerous, but I will try.
不能将汉语的“虽然…但是…”直译为(al)though…but…，这是因为 (al)though 为从属连词，用于引导让步状语从句；而but在表示“但是”时，它是并列连词，用以连接两个句子使之成为并列句。由于在同一句中既用了从属连词(al)though，又用了并列连词 but，使得句子一半像复合句，一半像并列句，从而导致错误。正确的做法是，任意去掉 (al)though 和 but 中的一个，使之要么成为复合句，要么成为并列句。但是，如果就此认为although 永远不与but连用，这也是片面的，请看两例：
(1) But I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later. 但我当时的确不知道此事，尽管后来我还是知道了。
此句既用了并列连词 but，又用了从属连词 although，但它并未造成错误，原因是此句与上面所讨论的情形有所不同，即此句 but 用于 although 之前，but 在此仅起到与上文转折的作用，but 后的 I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later.仍为一个复合句。
(2) I tried doing the accounts, but although I knew some maths I found it very difficult. 我试着算这些账，但尽管我懂点数学，仍感到很困难。
此句将 but 与 although 用在一起，但此句也没有错误。该句从总体来看，它是一个以并列连词 but 连接的并列句，而在该并列句的后面一句又是一个包含让步状语从句 although I knew some maths 的复合句――这种句型就是所谓的并列复合句。此句也可改写为 I tried doing the accounts, but I found it very difficult although I knew some maths.
4. 让步状语从句与倒装
引导倒装的让步状语从句通常用as和though，但不是能用although：
Poor though I am, I can afford it. 我虽穷，但这东西还是买得起的。
Much as I like
注：as 可以在以上这样的倒装结构中引出让步状语，但若不倒装，则不能用as，而与之相反，although在不倒装的结构中可引导让步状语，但在倒装的结构中却不可以用。
八、方式状语从句
1. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词
主要的有as, as if, as though等：
You must do as your parents tell you. 你必须按你父母说的去做。
They treated the child as if she were their own. 他们待这孩子像亲生的一样。
注：(1) 在非正式文体中，like也可用连词，表示方式，与as的用法相似：
Nobody loves you like I do. 没有人像我这样爱你(www.yygrammar.com)。
(2) 有时the way 也可用作连词，表示方式，与as的用法相似：
The didn’t do it the way we do now. 那时他们不像我们现在这样行事。
2. as if [as though] 从句与虚拟语气
一般说来，若as if 和as though 从句所表示的内容可能为事实，则用陈述语气，若为假设或不大可能为事实，则用虚拟语气。不过在非正式文体中，有时即使句意明确地表示不是事实，也可能用陈述语气：
He treats me as if I am [were] a stranger. 他待我有如陌生人。
The stuffed dog barks as if it is [were] a real one. 这个玩具狗叫起来像是真狗似的。
更详细的内容，参见本讲义“虚拟语气”。
九、地点状语从句
1. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词
主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等：
Put the medicine where children can’t reach it. 把药放在孩子们拿不到的地方。
You can’t camp where [wherever, anywhere] you like these days. 如今你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。
Everywhere Jenny goes she’s mistaken for her sister. 无论走到哪个地方，詹妮都被误认为是她妹妹。
注：这样用的where通常不用句首，而其他几个则可以。
2. 不可忽略的考点
有的同学认为地点状语从句在平时见得不多，误认为考试不会涉及，但恰恰相反，地点状语从句却是高考经常考查的一个知识点。请看以下高考真题：
(1) When you read the book, you’d better make a mark _____ you have any questions.(1986)
A. at which B. at where C. the place where D. where
(2) After the war, a new school building was put up _____ there had once been a theatre. (1997)
A. that B. where C. which D. when
(3) You should make it a rule to leave things _____ you can find them again. (1999)
A. when B. where C. then D. there
(4) She found her calculator ______ she lost it. (2000上海)
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
以上四题均选where，其意为“在…的地方”，用以引导地点状语从句。
十、状语从句与省略
为了简洁起见，有的状语从句(如时间状语从句、条件状语从句、方式状语从句等)有时可省略从句的主语和部分谓语(尤其是当从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语包括有动词be时)：
She fell asleep while (he was) doing his homework. 他在做作业时睡着了。
While (he was) doing so, he trembled a little. 他这样做时稍稍颤抖了一下。
He opened his mouth as if (he was) to speak. 他张开口，好像要说话似的。
Often she would weep when (she was) alone. 她一个人时，常常哭泣。
I’d like to see you whenever (it’s) convenient. 在你方便的时候我想来看看你。
If (you are) traveling north，you must change at Leeds. 如果你是向北行，你必须在里兹换车。
注：有些由if构成的省略结构，已属固定短语，如if any, if necessary, if possible, if not, if so：
There are few, if any, mistakes in that book. 那本书就是有错误也不多。
If necessary, ring me at home. 如果必要，可以打电话到我家找我。
If possible, I wish to go there next summer. 如果可能，我希望明年夏天去。
He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now? 他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?
十一、高考真题精选
1. The farmer watered the vegetables in the field ______they might grow better.
A. in case B. for fear that C. in order D. so that
2. If they don’t understand it the first time, go over it again _____ they do.
A. when B. after C. since D. until
3. I won’t accept their offer, ______ favorable the conditions.
A. how B. however C. no matter D. no matter however
4. ______ it happened to be a nice day, we decided to go to the beach.
A. When B. Before C. If D. Since
5. We were just about ready to leave ______ it started to snow.
A. when B. before C. after D. since
6. I’ll keep his address _____ I need it.
A. so that B. in order that C. in case D. when
7. Will you keep my place in the queue for me _____ I go and make a phone call?
A. since B. while C. in case D. until
8. ______ I’m very much mistaken, that’s my watch you’re wearing!
A. If B. Unless C. Since D. Because
9. The mother don’t let the boy touch the knife_____ he might cut himself.
A. in order that B. so as that C. for fear D. that
10. The modern history of
A. when B. if C. since D. until
11. We can’t move into the new flat _______ the other tenants have moved out.
A. since B. when C. until D. as
12. When I met him last week, it was the first time we had seen each other _____ we were at school.
A. that B. since C. when D. after
13. She made a note of it ______ she might forget.
A. so that B. in order that C. if D.in case
14. The fire went on for quite some time ______ it was brought under control.
A. when B. since C. after D. before
15. They sat down opposite each other, but it was some moments _______ they spoke.
A. after B. before C. since D. when
16. ______ the government agrees to give extra money , the theatre will have to close.
A. Until B. Unless C. Since D. While
17. _______ I suggest, he always disagrees. (www.yygrammar.com)
A. However B. Whatever C. Whichever D. Whoever
18. Their country has plenty of oil, ______ ours has none.
A. while B. when C. unless D. since
19. "_______when do the pubs stay open?" "About midnight."
A. Since B. Before C. Until D. After
20. _____ I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you.
A. Since B. Because C. If D. While
21. You should let your children play ______ you can see them.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
22. They kept trying _____ they must have known it was hopeless.
A. if B. because C. when D. where
23. _____ you are at home alone, please don’t leave the door open.
A. While B. As C. Before D. How
参考答案：
01―05 DDBDA 06―10 CBBCA 11―15 CBDDB 16―20 BBACD 21―23 ACA