一、一般将来时的定义
一般将来时表示在现在看来即将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用时间副词tomorrow, soon或短语next year / week / month, in a few days, in the future, sometime 做状语。如:
What will you do this afternoon. 你今天下午干什么?
We will have a meeting tomorrow. 我们明天要开会。
He is going to study abroad next year. 明年他要出国学习。
二、一般将来时的基本用法及构成
一般将来时的基本用法是表示单纯的将来事实,由“will / shall + 动词原形”构成:
We shall have a lot of rain next month. 下个月将下很多雨。
I think she will pass the exam. 我想他考试会及格的。
三、表示将来时间的几种常见方法
英语中除了“will /shall+动词原形”表示半来时态外,还可以有以下多种方法:
(1) 用“be going to+动词原形”表示。主要表示打算和预测:
We are not going to stay there long. 我们不准备在那里多待。(表打算)
I’m afraid they’re going to lose the game. 恐怕他们会赛输。(表预测)
Look, it’s going to rain. 瞧,要下雨了。(表预见)
注:be going to 后接动词go和come时,通常直接改用其进行时态:
Where is he going to go? / Where is he going? 他打算到哪里去?
(2) 用“be to+动词原形”表示。主要表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作;有时也表示命令、禁止或可能性:
He is to leave for
Tell him he’s not to be back late. 告诉他不准迟回。
(3) 用“be about to+动词原形”表示。主要表示即将要发生的事:
He is about to leave. 他即将要离开。
Sit down, everyone. The film is about to start. 大家坐好,电影马上就要开发始了。
注:该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用:
误:He is about to leave soon [tomorrow].
另外,该结构在美国英语中还可表示“打算”(主要用于否定句):
I’m not about to lend him any more money. 我不打算再借给他任何钱。
(4) 用“be due to+动词原形”表示。主要表示按计划或时间表将要发生某事:
He is due to leave very soon. 他很快就要离开。
His book is due to be published in October. 他的书计划10月份出版。
(5) 用“现在进行时”(即be+现在分词)表示。主要表示按计划或安排要发生的事:
The students are leaving on Sunday. 学生们星期日出发。
We’re having a party next week. 我们下星期将开一个晚会。
注:该用法有时表示即将发生的动作:
I’m leaving. 我走了。
(6) 用“一般现在时”表示。表示按规定或时间表预计要发生的事:
The train leaves at 7:25 this evening. 火车今晚7:25分开。
Tomorrow is Wednesday. 明天是星期三。
We have a holiday tomorrow. 我们明天放假。
注:在表示时间、条件等的状语从句以及某些名词性从句、定语从句等中,也用一般现在时表示将来意义,参见“时态详解:一般现在时”的有关用法。
四、三种将来时间表示法的比较
(1) “will / shall+动词原形”与“be going to +动词原形”
两者均可表示将来时间和意图,两者有时可换用:
I think it’ll rain this evening. / I think it’s going to rain this evening. 我想今晚会下雨。
I won’t tell you about it. / I’m not going to tell you about it. 我不会把这事告诉你的。
但有时有差别:
① 若是强调某个意图是经过事先考虑好的,则通常要用be going to;若是表示某个意图没有经过事先考虑,而是在说话的当时才临时想到的,则通常用will。比较:
"Ann is in hospital." "Oh, really? I didn’t know. I’ll go and visit her." “安住院了。”“啊,真的吗?我还不知道。我要去看看她。” (临时想法,不能用be going to)
"Ann is in hospital." "Yes, I know. I’m going to visit her tomorrow. “安住院了。”“我知道,我打算明天去看看她。” (事先考虑的意图,不能用will)
② 若是有迹象表明要发生某事,通常只用be going to,不用will:
Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain. 看那些乌云,要下雨了。
③ 带有时间或条件状语从句的主句通常不宜用be going to,而用will:
When he comes back, I will tell him the news. 他回来时我就告诉他这个消息。
If he comes back, I will tell him the news. 他若回来我就告诉他这个消息。
(2)“be going to+动词原形”与“现在进行时”
① be going to主要表示主观想法或意图,而现在进行进表示将来则主要已经强调作出的安排。比较:
I’m going to wash the car if I have time. 若有时间我想洗洗车。(主观想法)
I’m picking you up at 6; don’t forget. 我6点钟来接你,不要忘了。(已作出的安排)
② 但是当要表示主观无法控制的预测时,通常要用be going to,不能用现在进行时态:
It’s going to snow before long. 不久会下雪。
Things are going to get better soon. 情况很快就会好起来。
③ 当表示坚持要(不要)某人做某事时,两者均可用:
She’s taking [going to take] that medicine whether he likes it or not. 不管她喜欢不喜欢,她都得吃那药。
You’re not wearing [going to wear] that skirt to school. 你不可以穿那条裙子去上学。
(3) “be going to+动词原形”与“be to+动词原形”的区别
两者均可表示按计划或安排要发生的动作,有时可互换(但be to比be going to正式):
Where are we going to stay tonight? 我们今晚住哪里?
I’m (going) to play tennis this afternoon. 我打算今天下午打网球。
另外,be going to 还可表示预测,即根据已有迹象预测将要发生的动作,此时不能用be to:
Look, it’s going to rain. 看,要下雨了。
【例1】Turn on the television or open a magazine and you __________ advertisements showing happy families
A. will often see B. often see
C. are often seeing D. have often seen
分析:A。这是“祈使句+and +陈述句”句型,祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句,and后的陈述句的谓语用一般将来时,这是一个较为固定的句型。
【例2】He was hoping to go abroad but his parents __________ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.
A. were deciding B. have decided
C. decided D. will decide
分析:B。因宾语从句中的时态是一般将来时,主句中的谓语动词不可能是过去时态,排除选项A和D; 由语境判断,不是“将要决定”,而是“现在已经决定”,所以排除D,而选B。
【例3】 ―How can I apply for an online course?
―Just fill out this form and we __________ what we can do four you.
A. see B. are seeing
C. have seen D. will see
分析:D。表示将要发生的情况,自然是用一般将来时。
【例4】If their marketing plans succeed, they _________ their sales by 20 percent.
A. will increase B. have been increasing
C. have increased D. would be increasing
分析:A。由于if条件从句用的是一般现在时,所以其相应的主句宜用一般将来时。
【例5】 Population experts predict that most people _________ in cities in the near future.
A. live B. would live
C. will live D. have lived
分析:C。根据句中的in the near future可知要用一般将来时。
【例6】When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we ________ up, her voice had been full of life.
A. were hanging B. had hung
C. hung D. would hang
分析:C。从逻辑上说,当我在电话里和奶奶聊天时,她的声音听起来很虚弱;但到我们要挂电话时,她的声音又充满朝气。从逻辑上说,应该是“奶奶的声音又充满朝气”在先,“我们挂断电话”在后,如果是反过来的话,那说话者就无法听知道“奶奶的声音又充满朝气”之回事了。所以“挂断电话”应用一般过去时。另外,由于by the time后接的定语从句通常要用一般现在时代替一般将来时,用一般过去时代替过去将来时,所以选项D不能选。
【例7】―Ann is in hospital.
―Oh, really? I ________ know. I ________ go and visit her.
A. didn’t; am going to B. don’t; would
C. don’t; will D. didn’t; will
分析:D。根据句意,在此之前说话人不知道安住院了,因此第一空用一般过去时;说话人打算去看她,这个动作还没发生,因此第二空用一般将来时。注意be going to与will表示将来的区别:表示临时的决定,要用be going to,不用 will(www.yygrammar.com)。
【例8】I’ll go to the library as soon as I finish what I ______.
A. was doing B. am doing
C. have done D. had been doing
分析:B。句意是:我一完成我做的工作就去图书馆。由于“去图书馆”用的是一般将来时,说明要完成的工作是“现在”正在做的事情,故用现在进行时。又如:
He is studying architecture. 他在学习建筑。
The ambulance is carrying wounded people to the nearest hospital. 救护车正在把受伤的人送到最近的医院。
英语动词16种时态用法详解
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