中考英语语法完全突破――数词

 

一、概述

数词是指表示数目多少或顺序先后的词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词,如 one, five, ten, thirty, sixty-five 等;表示顺序先后的数词叫序数词,如 first, sixth, tenth, twenty-first 等。数词用法相当于名词和形容词,在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语等。

注意,英语中没有这个读数单位,要表示汉语中的,英语需借用thousand一词,如一万十个千表示(ten thousand)十万一百个千表示(one hundred thousand)

中考英语数词的考果主要集中在基数词与序数词的用法与区别,有时也考查其他相关用法,如用数词表示分数,用数词编号等。另外,hundred, thousand, million等的用法也是一个非常值得注意的知识。

 

二、考点归纳

考点1  考查基数词与序数词的用法区别

基数词表示人或事物数量的多少,如 one, two, three, four, five, six等;而序数词则表示人或事物的顺序,如first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth等。在通常情况下,基数词除one外,其余的后接名词时,名词原则上要用复数;而序数词在后接名词时,原则上用单数。如:

He has four children, but he likes his fourth child most. 他有四个孩子,但他最喜欢他的第四个孩子。

【考例1Father’s Day is on ________ Sunday of June. (湖南长沙中考题)

A. three                 B. third                   C. the third            D. a third

【分析】答案选C。由于空格后的名词为单数,所以不能选基数词three,故可排除A;其余三个选项均为序数词,但只有带定冠词的C才是正确的,因为此处的句意为特指。句意为:父亲节是六月的第三个星期日。

【考例2―Where does John live?

―He lives on ________ floor but he doesn’t use a lift to go up and down. (北京朝阳区中考题)

A. nine                  B. the ninth           C. ninth                 D. a ninth

【分析】答案选B。由于空格后的名词floor为单数,所以空格处不能填基数词,故可排除A;而序数词前通常用定冠词,而不用不定冠词,故选B

考点2  考查数词在编号中的用法

在类似编号的场合,用序数词应放在被修饰词语之前,若用基数词则置于其后。如:

the First Lesson / Lesson One 1                          the tenth chapter / chapter ten 10

the sixth line / line 6 6             the third part / part three 第三部分

但是,在许多情况下,用基数词比用序数词更合适、更方便。如:

Book One 1                               Room 805 805

page 110 110                            Bus Number Ten 10路公共汽车

【考例】There is a wrong word in line ________.

Where?  (www.yygrammar.com)

In the ________ line. (湖北孝感中考题)

A. two; two           B. two; second     C. second; two     D. second; second

【分析】答案选Bin line twoin the second line同义,均表示第二行。又如:lesson fivethe fifth lesson同义,均表示第五课

 


考点3  考查用英语表示分数的用法

用英语表示分数的方法是:先说分子,后说分母;分子用基数词,分母用序数词;当分子超过时,分母用复数形式。如三分之二可表示为 two thirds (可理解为两个三分之一”)。但是有些分数的表示比较其特别,如二分之一通常说成a (one) half四分之一通常说成 a quarter

【考例】________ of the students in our class ________ money to the disabled people these days. (贵州安顺中考题)

A. Two third, have raised                  B. Two thirds, has raised

C. Two three, have raised                 D. Two thirds, have raised

【分析】答案选D三分之二的分子是,用基数词two表示;分母是,用序数词third表示,由于分子大于一,故表示分母的third要用复数,即可排除AC;又因为一个班三分之二的学生肯定不只一个,故谓语动词要用复数,即选D不选B

考点4  考查hundred, thousand, million单复数用法

hundred, thousand, million与数词连用表示具体数量时,它们既不用复数形式,后接名词时也不用介词of。如:

Can you lend me a hundred dollars? 你可否借给我一百美金?

This theatre holds a thousand persons. 这家剧院能容纳一千人。

The sun is 92 million miles away. 太阳离这里有九千二百万英里。

但是,若泛指数百、数千、数百万等,则用 hundreds of, thousands of, millions of 等这样的结构。如:

Hundreds of people attended the meeting. 有几百人参加了会议。

They received millions of letters asking for information. 他们收到了无数的咨询信件。

Men have been making music for thousands of years. 人类创作音乐已有数千年历史。

【考例1More than two ________ years ago, people knew little about the universe. (辽宁锦州中考题)

A. thousands       B. thousand          C. thousand of     D. thousands of

【分析】答案选B。与具体数字连用时,thousand不用加词尾-s,其后也不用介词of

【考例2Enshi is becoming a tourist city. ________ people come here during the holidays every year. (湖北恩施中考题)

A. Thousand of   B. Thousands of  C. Five thousands of     D. Five thousands

【分析】答案选B。与具体数字连用时,thousand不用加词尾-s,其后也不用介词of,故可排除CD。但表示不确定的数千”“数以千计时,则不仅要加词尾-s,而且要后接介词of,故只能选B,不能选A

考点5  考查带有数词的复合形容词中名词的数

根据英语习惯,在数词+名词”“数词+名词+名词”“数词+名词+形容词这类复合形容词中,其中的名词只用单数形式,不用复数形式。如:

a two-mile walk两英里的步行          

a six-inch ruler六英寸长的尺子

a two-hour exam. 一次两小时的考试

a five-day week 一周五个工作日

a five-year-old boy 一个五岁的男孩

an eighteen-month-old baby 一个18个月大的婴儿

a five-hundred-meter rope 一根500长的绳子

【考例1Each of us has to write a ________ report every two weeks. (广州中考题)

A. two-hundred-word                        B. two-hundreds-word

C. two-hundreds-words                    D. two-hundred-words

【分析】答案选A。带有数词的复合形容词中,数词后的名词要用单数。又如:She has a ten-year-old son. 她有个10岁的儿子。He wrote a five-hundred-word letter to me. 他给写了一封500字的信给我。

【考例2A new study proves a ________ walk every day is enough to keep people away from becoming fat. (哈尔滨中考题)

A. 30-minute        B. 30 minute’s      C. 30-minutes      D. 30 minute

【分析】答案选A。按英语习惯,在带有数词的复合形容词中,数词后的名词要用单数,所以不能选C;另外,这类结构中的连字符原则上不能省略。

 

考点6  考查简单运算后对相应数词进行选择

严格说来,这类题只是借助数词作为一种命题手段,与数词的用法关系不大。

【考例1―There are sixty students in our class. And ________ of us are boys.

―Wow! You have forty girls! (福建漳州中考题)

A. one fourth       B. one third           C. two fifths          D. two thirds

【分析】答案选B。做这道题要先运算一下:上文说这个班上共有60名学生,下文说女生有40个,这说明男生的数量为604020个。那么20个是60个的几分之几呢?显然是三分之一,故答案选B

【考例2This shirt is ________. Cindy paid ________. Her change is ________. (湖南张家界中考题)

A. $9.00; $10.00; $1.00                     B. $1.00; $9.00; $10.00

C. $10.00; $9.00; $1.00                     D. $10.00; $1.00; $9.00

【分析】答案选A。根据常识可知,买衬衫的钱找回的零钱应该等于“Cindy付给售货员的钱。也就是说,在三个空格中,第一个空格所填的数字加上第三个空格所填的数字应该等于第二个空格所填的数字。比较四个选项,显然只能A符合要求。

考点7  综合考查数词的不同知识点

即将数词的各个知识点综合起来进行考查。如

【考例】About ________ of the workers in the factory were born in the ________. (甘肃兰州中考题)

A. two-thirds, 1970                                                            B. two-thirds, 1970s

C. two-third, 1970                                                              D. two-third, 1970s

【分析】答案选B三分之二也就是两个三分之一,所以third要用复数,可排除CD;表示在某一年,其前不用冠词,表示在某个年代,其前要用定冠词,同时表示年代的数词要加词尾-s-’s。比较:in 1990=1990年,in the 1990s=20世纪90年代。

 

三、易错陷阱

陷阱1  用错生日前的序数词

表示一个人多少岁的生日时,birthday前习惯上要用序数词,而不能用基数词,因为多少岁的生日其实就是第多少个生日。如

Today is my mother’s ________ birthday. I will buy her a gift. (江苏宿迁中考题)

A. fourteen           B. fourteenth        C. forty                   D. fortieth

【分析】答案选D。表示多少岁的生日时,birthday前习惯上要用序数词,因为多少岁的生日其实就是第多少个生日。另外,根据常识,不能选B,因为当了母亲的人不可能只有14岁。

 

陷阱2  用错一两天之类的表达

汉语说一两天,说成英语可用a day or twoone or two days,但是不能用 one day or twoa or two days。如:

One or two days are enough to see the city. 要参观这个城市一两天就够了。

Within a day or two he got a letter from them. 过了不到一两天他就接到他们的一封信。

请注意以下类似表达:

Only a word or two is needed. 只需说一两句话。

I shall be ready in a second or two. 一会儿我就会准备好。

陷阱3  用错一个半之类的表达

用英语表示一个半的方法是:a…and a halfone and a half…,但不能说one and a half hour。如:

我在一个半小时之内考试完毕。

误:I finished the examination in one and a half hour.

正:I finished the examination in an hour and a half.

正:I finished the examination in one and a half hours.

注意两个半”“三个半”“四个半之类的表达。如:

It’s about two and a half miles away. 大约有两英里半远。

This happened four and a half centuries ago. 这是四个半世纪前发生的事。

陷阱4  用错每隔几……”的表达法

用英语表示每隔几……”的最常用是:“every+基数词+名词(复数)

We meet every few days. 我们每隔几天就会一次面。

Take some fruit every three or four hours. 每隔三四个小时,吃点水果。

有时也用“every+序数词+名词(单数),注意不要弄错了其中的名词的数。如:

奥林匹克运动会每四年办一次。

The Olympics are held every four years.

The Olympics are held every fourth year.

如果是表示每隔一……”,则还可用every other…,如每隔一天可说成every two days, every second day, every other day  (www.yygrammar.com)

陷阱5  用错另外几个……”的表达法

用英语用表示另外几个……”的方法是:“another / a further +数词+名词数词+ other / more +名词。如:

Three other men lay wounded. 另外三个人受伤躺在那里。

Two other boys escaped through the trees. 另外两个小伙子从树林间逃跑了。

这类表达有时有较灵活的翻译。如:

I could go on for another two hours. 我再讲两个小时都讲不完。

They drove for another three hours. 他们又行驶了3个小时。

China picked up another ten gold medals. 中国又获得了10枚金牌。

I need another few days before I can make up my mind. 我还需几天才能决定。

 

陷阱6  混淆数词的单复数形式

当要表示某人的大约年岁和世纪中的某个年代时,我们习惯上要用逢整的基数词的复数形式,此时不可误用单数形式。如

He left for Japan in the nineties. 他于90年代去了日本。

He began to write in his sixtieth. 他在六十多岁开始写作。

表示年代时,有时还会说出某个世纪,此时要使用类似以下这样的表达:

in the 1930’s 20世纪30年代(其中的撇号可以省略)

since the 1950s 20世纪50年代开始

四、即学即练

选择最佳答案填空:

1. ―How was your day off yesterday?

―Perfect! It was ________ birthday of my grandma’s. We had a big family celebration.

A. eighty               B. the eightieth    C. eightieth           D. the eighty

2. ________ visitors come to China every year.

A. Thousands of B. Ten thousands C. Ten thousand of    D. Thousand of

3. ―Good news! Bill won ________ medal in the long jump just now.

―Really? That’s his ________ one at our sports meeting.

A. a; four              B. an; fourth         C. a; fourth            D. an, four

4. The road is over ________ metres long. (www.yygrammar.com)

A. six hundred and fifty-two             B. six hundreds and fifty-two

C. six hundred, fifty-two                    D. six hundreds, fifty-two

5. Father’s Day falls on ________ Sunday of June.

A. two                    B. the second       C. three                 D. the third

6. There are more than two ________ languages spoken in Nigeria.

A. hundreds        B. hundreds of     C. hundred           D. hundred of

7. ―How old is your daughter?

―________. We had a special party for her ________ birthday last week.

A. Ninth; ninth    B. Nine; nine        C. Ninth; nine      D. Nine; ninth

8. ―Excuse me, how many students are there in your art club?

―There are ________.

A. twelve              B. twelfth               C. the twelfth        D. the twelve

9. There were about six ________ students in the school building during the earthquake, and ________ of them didn’t run out.

A. hundred, two third                                                         B. hundred, two thirds

C. hundreds, two thirds                     D. hundreds, two third

10. ―Shanghai has opened its ________TV channel (频道) that sends programs in foreign languages.

―Great! I can improve my English over it. (www.yygrammar.com)

A. first                    B. a first                 C. the first             D. one

 

【答案点拨】

1. 答案选D。表示多少岁的生日时,我们习惯上在birthday使用序数词,而不是基数词,因为多少岁的生日也就是第多少个生日的意思。另外,要注意此处为特指,所以其前要带有定冠词。

2. 答案选B。与具体数字连用时,thousand的复数形式不用加词尾-s,其后也不用介词of,故可排除BC。但表示不确定的数千”“数以千计时,则不仅要加词尾-s,而且要后接介词of,故可确定答案为B

3. 答案选C。第一空应填a,不能填an,因为medal的读音以元音开头;第二空应填fourth,因为这是表示第四块奖牌,况且,如果填four的话,其后的名词应用复数。

4. 答案选A。当hundred前有具体的数字时,hundred不能加词尾-s。在百位与十位之间通常加连词and。所以此题答案选A

5. 答案选D根据常识可知,父亲节是每年六月的第三个星期日,第三个星期日是表顺序,故用序数词,且序数词前常用定冠词the

6. 答案选当C。当hundred前有具体数字修饰时,hundred后不能加词尾-s,也不后接介词of,故答案选C

7. 答案选当D。第一空填基数词,为She is nine years old(她9岁)之省略;第二空填序数词,因为其后接的是单数名词 (www.yygrammar.com)

8. 答案选当A。根据问句中的how many students(多少个学生)可知,答句要用基数词来作答,表示共有12个学生

9. 答案选B。第一空应填hundred,因为其前受到数词six的修饰;第二空应填two thirds,因为用英语表示分数时,当分子大于时,分母要用复数。

10. 答案选A。由于空格前有物主代词its,所以序数词first前不能再用冠词。