一、主谓一致概述
所谓主谓一致,就是指谓语动词在人称与数的方面与主语保持一致。在通常情况下,英语的主谓一致遵循以下三个原则:
1. 语法一致原则:该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致,即主语是单数形式,动词用单数形式,主语是复数形式,动词用复数形式。如:
Both my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。
Her job is teaching French. 她的工作是教法语。
2. 意义一致原则:即谓语动词的数取决于主语所表示的概论,而不是其语法形式。如:
This news is important for us. 这条消息对我们很重要。
Watch out! The police are coming. 当心,警察来了。
3. 就近原则:即谓语动词的数决定于主语中最靠近它的词语。如:
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错了就是我错了。
Neither the students nor the teacher is interested in it. 老师和学生对此都不感兴趣。
二、考点归纳
考点1 考查主谓一致的基本用法
有些主谓一致考题直接考查考生对主谓一致的三个原则的理解与运用。
【考例】―There ________ a pair of shoes under the bed.
―The shoes ________ mine.(兰州中考题)
A. is, are B. is, is C. are, is D. are, are
答案选A。There be 句型中be动词的单复数由后面的名词决定,由于a pair of shoes为单数,故谓语用is;第二空前的主语是the shoes,为复数形式,故谓语应用are。
考点2 考查不可数名词作主语时动词的数
不可数名词作主语,其后的谓语总是用复数。但是,有些不可数名词由于带有-s词尾,很可能会被误认为是复数名词,从而导致出错。考生做题时要特别注意。如:
No news is good news. 没有消息是好消息。(谚语)
Maths is my favourite subject. 数学是我最喜欢的课程。
Christmas is a holiday for everybody. 圣诞节对大家都是一个节日。
【考例】The news ________ very interesting! Tell me more! (河北中考题)
A. is B. are C. were D. was
【分析】答案选A。news虽然以-s结尾,但它是一个不可数名词,故只能表示单数意义,用作主语时,谓语动词要用单数。
考点3 考查与there be句式中动词be的数
在there be句式中,动词be用单数还是复数,取决于其后名词是单数还是复数。注意,如果there be后面接有几个并列的主语,则通常与靠近的主语保持一致。如:
There are some girls in the room. 房间里有几个女孩。
There is a pen and some books on the desk. 桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。
另外,注意不要混淆there be与have的区别:前者指某处存在有某人或某物,后者指拥有或具有某物。尤其要注意的是,不能将两者混在一起使用,如不能说there have。如:
沿着河岸都种有树。
误:There have trees all along the river banks.
正:There are trees all along the river banks.
但是,下面一句是正确的,因为其中的there have been为there be的现在完成时形式:
There have been many such accidents. 已发生了好几起那样的事故。(HM)
【考例1】There ________ many students in the library after school every day. (北京中考题)
A. has B. have C. is D. are
【分析】答案选D。由于many students(许多学生),表复数意义,故谓语动词用复数。注意不能选B,因为表示“有”的there be不能说成there have。
【考例2】Good news! There ________ fewer people catching this kind of illness now. (陕西绥德中考题)
A. are B. is C. was D. were
【分析】答案选B。由于people表示“人”“人们”时,永远表复数意义,故谓语动词用复数。
考点4 考查一段时间等作主语的情况
当用作主语的是“一段时间”“一段距离”“一笔钱”等时,通常将其视为“一个整体数量”,此时其后的谓语动词通常用单数。如:
Twenty years is a long time. 20年是很长的时间。
Ten dollars is all I have left. 我只剩下10美元。
A hundred miles is a long distance. 100英里是一段很长的距离。
【考例】Three hours ________ quite a long time for the students to play computer games every day.(兰州中考题)
A. is B. were C. was D. are
答案选A。时间名词做主语,通常将其视为一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;又根据后面的every day可知应用一般现在时,故选A。
考点5 考查特殊搭配作主语时动词的数
涉及主谓一致的特殊搭配比较多,在中考英语中主要应注意以下几个:
1. both…and…(……和……都):连接两个主语时,其后的谓语动词通常要用复数。如:
Both brother and sister are college students. 兄妹俩都是大学生。
Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris老板和他的秘书都正飞往巴黎。
2. not only…but also…(不仅……而且……):连接两个主语时,其后谓语动词的数与靠近的主语保持一致,也就是采用就近原则。如:
Not only you but also I am hungry. 不只你,我也饿了呢。
Not only you but also he has to attend the meeting. 不只是你,他也必须参加会议。
3. neither…nor…(……和……都):连接两个主语时,其后谓语动词的数与靠近的主语保持一致,也就是采用就近原则。如:
Neither he nor they are mistaken. 他和他们都没有错。
Neither the driver nor the passengers were hurt. 司机和乘客都没有受伤。
4. either…or…(……和……都):连接两个主语时,其后谓语动词的数与靠近的主语保持一致,也就是采用就近原则。如:
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错就是我错。
Either Tim or his brothers have to do the work. 不是蒂姆,就是他的兄弟们必须做这工作。
5. a number of与the number of(……和……都):
a number of意为“许多”“若干”等,number 前可用 good, great, large, small 等词修饰,其后必须接可数名词复数形式,用作主语时,谓语动词也用复数;后者意为“……的数量”,其后也接可数名词的复数形式或具有复数意义的名词,用作主语时,谓语要用单数。如:
A large number of young people like this song. 许多年轻人喜欢这首歌。
The number of workers in this factory is small. 这个工厂的工人不多。
【考例1】―What ________ the number of the students in your school?
―About two thousand. A number of them ________ from
A. is; are B. is; is C. are; is D. are; are
【分析】答案选A。
the number of…的意思是“……的数量”,用作主语时,其后谓语动词用单数;a number of…的意思是“许多……”,用作主语时,其后谓语动词用复数。
考点6 综合考查主语一致和其他知识点
【考例1】―Which would you like, tea or coffee?
―Either ________ OK, but I prefer coffee ________ milk. (深圳中考题)
A. is, has B. are, with C. is, with D. are, has
【分析】答案选C。either的意思是“两者中的任意一个”,表示单数意义,故可排除B和D;第二空填with,coffee with milk的意思是“拌有牛奶的咖啡”。注意,第二空不能填has,因为句子中已经有了谓语动词prefer,不能再用has。不过,若将其改为定语从句,则是可以的,如说成…I prefer coffee that has milk in it.
二、易错陷阱
陷阱1 弄错非谓语动词作主语的情形
当非谓语动词作语时,其后的谓语动词通常是用单数。如:
Getting up early a good habit. 早起是个好习惯。
To lean out of the window is dangerous. 身探出窗外很危险。
注意,如果非谓语后面接有复数名词作宾语,注意不要将紧随其后的谓语动词误用复数。如:
Climbing trees is dangerous. 爬树是危险的。
To Watch the flowers was very interesting. 观看这些花很有趣。
陷阱2 误解某些特殊名词的单复数意义
有些名词,如people(人们)、police(警察)等,虽然是单数形式,但它们只表示作复数意义,用作主语时,其后谓语动词要用复数形式。如:
Watch out! The police are coming. 当心,警察来了。
Some people are never satisfied. 有些人从不满足。
有些名词由于单数与复数同形,所以在考虑主谓一致时,要注意其单复数含义。如:
This sheep is from
These sheep are from
陷阱3 误解名词性物主代词的单复数意义
名词性物主代词mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs等作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于该动词后面名词的数,即动词后面的名词是单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;动词后面名词为复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
His is a new bike. 他的是一辆旧自行车。
Ours are old bikes. 我们的是些新自行车。
陷阱4 误解某些不定代词的单复数意义
有些不定代词,如all, some, none, most, any等,当它们用作主语时,若指复数概念,谓语动词用复数形式;若指单数概念,则谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Not all work is difficult. 不是所有的工作都难。
Not all the students are here. 不是所有的学生都在这儿。
【针对训练】
选择最佳答案填空:
1. Look! There ________ some apples in that tree.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
2. ―There ________ a charity show this weekend. Would you like to join us?
―Of course. I’d love to.
A. is B. has C. will be D. will have
3. ―What is the weather like this summer here?
―There ________ very little rain.
A. has B. has been C. are D. have been
4. Tom with other boys ________ to go and ________ the game.
A. want, watch a B. wants, watches C. wants, watch D. want, to watch
5. ―How many students are there in your school?
―________ the students in our school ________ over two thousand.
A. The number of; is B. The number of; are C. A number of; is D. A number of; are
6. Neither the students nor the teacher ________ in the classroom at that moment.
A. were B. was C. weren’t D. wasn’t
7. ―What ________ the number of the girls in your class?
―About twenty.
A. is B. am C. are D. be
8. Both Lily and Lucy ________ to the party yesterday.
A. invited B. was invited C. had invited D. were invited
9. ________ the books in our library ________ about 20,000.
A. The number of, are B. A number of, is
C. The number of, is D. A number of, are
10. The workmen ________ busy ________ the small parts together in the workshop.
A. is, with B. are, putting C. is, putting D. be, with
11. A lot of food ________ to that country after the war was over.
A. was sent B. are sent C. is sending D. sent
12. Do you know how many sheep ________ in
A. is there B. there is C. are there D. there are
13.―Do you like watching cooking programs on TV?
―No, I don’t, but my twin brother ________. He’s very fond of cooking.
A. does B. do C. is D. are
14.―What’s on the plate?
―There ________ some bread on it.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
15. Sorry, we already have four people in the car, so there ________ for this box.
A. is a little room B. are no rooms C. is little room D. are few rooms
【答案点拨】
1. 答案选C。There be结构的主语在be动词之后,即此句中的some apples是句子的主语,故谓语动词用复数,排除选项A和B。再由句首的look可知句子的时态为一般现在时。故答案选C。
2. 答案选C。由于表示“有”的there的there be句型不能说成there have,所以可排除B和D;再根据句中的this weekend(这个周末)和I’d love to(我很愿意参加)可知,句子要用将来时态,故选C。
3. 答案选B。由于表示“有”的there的there be句型不能说成there have,所以可排除A;而rain作为不可数名词,总是表示单数意义,所以不能选C。注意:英语虽然不能说There has very little rain,但可以说There has been very little rain,因为后者的has been实际上是动词be的完成式,也就是说there has been的本质仍是there be句型,只不过其中的be用了完成式。由于rain不可数,所以不能选D,因为其中的have表示复数意义。
4. 答案选B。句子真正的主语是Tom,故其后的谓语动词应与Tom保持一致,而与其后的介词短语with other boys 无关,因此谓语动词用单数;后面一空是由and连接两个并列谓语,谓语形式应保持一致,也用单数,所以选B。
5. 答案选A。因问句是询问学生的数量,故答句中用the number of来表示“……的数量”。当the number of the students作主语时,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故答案选A。
6. 答案选B。当neither...nor...连接两主语时,谓语动词的人称和数应和与其靠近的那个主语保持一致。因该句的主语the teacher靠近谓语,故答案选B。
7. 答案选A。the number of 意为“……的数量”,用作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。
8. 答案选D。本句的主语是both… and…结构,这种结构作句子主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式;又因本句是一般过去时的被动语态,故正确答案是D。
9. 答案选C。“the number of + 复数名词”作主语,表示“……的数量”,谓语动词要用单数形式。但应注意:a number of意思是“许多”、“一些”,修饰可数名词复数,作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:A number of students like the English book.
10. 答案选B。本题的主语(The workmen)是复数,谓语动词也要用复数形式;短语be busy doing sth.意思是“忙于做某事”,故正确答案是B。
11. 答案选A。本句的主语(food)是不可数名词,谓语动词要用单数形式;根据句意“战争结束后,许多食物被运送到那个国家。”可知本句应用被动语态。
12. 答案选D。宾语从句应用陈述句语序,排除A和C,sheep在这里是复数,故正确答案是D。
13. 答案选A。my twin brother为第三人称单数,与前句动词like一致应用助动词do的第三人称单数形式does。A为正确答案。
14. 答案选A。主语some bread是不可数名词,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
15. 答案选C。显然room在这里表示“地方”,为不可数名词,A和C可能正确;再者由前面可知这里应表示否定意义,用little。