高考英语书面表达六考点

考点一   考查仔细审题的能力

在高考英语所考查的各个题型中,最需要仔细审题的就是书面表达。对于单项填空、完形填空、阅读理解等客观选择题,由于其要求比较单一,即只要选出最佳答案即可,所以其审题要求不高;即使像短文改错这样的题型,由于其答题要求比较固定,即按行改错,无错的打钩,有错的按三种方式改错――要么多一词,要么少一词,要么错一词,所以其审题要求也不高。但是,书面表达则完全不同,首先它的表现形式很多,有要点式、表格式、图画式、图表式、开放式等,它不仅要求考生仔细读懂题目所提供的写作要点,而且要求考生确定用什么体裁来表现这些要点,同时还要根据试题背景确定写作人称、主要时态等。并且,所有审题细节都不能出错,否则其后果可能是非常严重的。比如,若遗漏要点会导致作文档次的降低;错用时态属大错,每处至少扣一分;至于用错人称,那也很危险,有一年高考英语要求考生用第一人称写,并在评分标准中规定,凡用错人称者,一律从得分中扣除7分。由此可见,书面表达审题的每一环都很重要,考生在做题时必须要仔细审题,否则难以获得高分。

考点二  考查根据材料构思短文的能力

在进行书面表达仔细审题之后,接着考生就针对所给材料对写作内容进行构思。由于书面表达考题所给材料通常是零散的,所以考生在审题之后,动笔之前,应该对试题所给材料进行构思――由于高考英语书面表达的字数是有限制的,既不能多写,也不能少写,所以考生在构思时,首先要弄清哪些内容应该纳入写作要点,哪些不能纳入写作要点;其次还要弄清那些要点先写,哪些要点后写;另外,还要考虑各要点之间是否能自然衔接,若不能,应补充什么细节;最后还要考虑一下文章如何开头,如何结尾――所有这一切都是考生在写作之前构思所要做的工作,这一步的工作做得好,构思到位,写出来的文章才有可能做到覆盖所有知识要点……有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑;完全达到了预期的写作目的

考点三  考查遣词造句能力

遣词造句的能力是英语书面表达最基本的能力,也是最重要的能力。因为,当要写一篇书面表达时,即使我们审题再准确,构思再完美,如果没有遣词造句的能力,一切都是空谈,一切都无法实现。

遣词造句能力的前提和基础是要掌握一定的词汇量和具有一定的语法知识。因为当我们要想用英语表达一个概念时,我们首先应该知道它所涉及的词汇,然后还要知道如何将这些词汇组成一个符合语义要求且语法正确的句子。所以我们可以得出这样的结论:如果不具备一定的词汇量和一定的语法基础,就不可能具备遣词造句的能力;如果不具备遣词造句的能力,就无法完成一篇书面表达的写作。

考点四  考查用不同的语法形式来表达相同意义的能力

在进行英语写作时,不论是谁都有可能会碰到一些难以表达的内容。若在平时,可以查词典,问老师,上网搜索等,但若是在考场上,这些方法都是不能的,那怎么办?一个最简单的思路就是要学会用不同的语法形式来表达相同的意义,这种能力最常见也是大家最熟悉的方法就是一句多译。如那个问题太难了,我无法解决这个句子,考生若能想到so…that…such…that…句型,则可按以下方式表达:

That problem is so difficult that I can’t solve it.

It is so difficult a problem that I can’t solve it.

It is such a difficult problem that I can’t solve it.

It is such a difficult problem as I can’t solve.

若不用以上句型,以too…to…结构也可以,表达如下:

That problem is too difficult for me to solve.

还有一个大家比较熟悉的结构可以表达以上意思,那就是enough to结构:

That problem is not easy enough for me to solve.

另外,还可以用介词beyond来表达,并且从某种角度上看,它比以上各种表达更高级

That problem is beyond my ability.

 


考点五  考查语句间连接成分的使用能力

要想写好一篇文章,仅仅具备基本的遣词造句的能力还是不够的,因为即使一篇文章中的所有句子都是正确的,但若各句之间没有必要的连接成分,那只能算是一篇没有错误的文章,绝不能算是一篇好文章。请看一篇实例:

假定你是李华,David 是你的美国笔友。他对中国鼓励使用环保购物袋很感兴趣,来信向你询问此事。请你给他写封回信。主要内容如下:感谢他的关注;简要介绍相关情况;谈谈你的感想。

请看下面这篇文章(缺乏必要的连接成分):

Dear David,

I’m glad that you’ve noticed our efforts directed towards environmental protection. Thank you for your concern.

Too much use of plastic bags has caused serious white pollution. Our government encourages us to use environment-friendly shopping bags. These bags are made of a variety of material. They can be easily treated when they become rubbish. They can be reused. More and more people in China have realized the advantages of such bags and started using them.

I believe that the wide use of these shopping bags can greatly improve our environment. This is one of the many steps we are to make our country an even cleaner place.

Yours,

Li Hua

然后,再请看看下面这篇(加上连接成分):

Dear David,

I’m glad that you’ve noticed our efforts directed towards environmental protection. Thank you for your concern.

As too much use of plastic bags has caused serious white pollution, our government encourages us to use environment-friendly shopping bags. These bags are made of a variety of material that can be easily treated when they become rubbish. Besides, they can be reused. More and more people in China have realized the advantages of such bags and started using them.

I believe that the wide use of these shopping bags can greatly improve our environment. This is one of the many steps we are to make our country an even cleaner place.

Yours,

Li Hua

考点六  考查使用高级词汇和复杂结构的能力

前面我们已经提到,近年来的高考英语书面表达的评分标准有了很大变化,由原来只要求考生写对,转而要求考生写好,同时鼓励考生尝试使用一些高级词汇和复杂句型,并对由此所产生的错误采取了宽容态度。如书面表达评分标准的第五档(最好一档)的要求是:“……应用了较多语法结构和词汇;语法结构和词汇有些许错误,但为尽力使用复杂结构和高级词汇所致。

从最近几年的书面表达评分实践来看,使用高级词汇和复杂结构的能力在书面表达评分越来越得到评卷老师的重视,它往往是一篇文章能否得高分或满分的重要方面。请看一篇实例:

假定你是李华,你的英国朋友Peter来信向你咨询如何才能学好中文。请你根据下列要点写封回信:参加中文学习班;看中文书刊、电视;学唱中文歌曲;交中国朋友。

 

Dear Peter,

I’m glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to learn Chinese well. Here are a few suggestions. I think it is important to take a Chinese course. You can learn from the teacher and practice with your classmates. It’s also helpful to watch TV and read books, newspapers and magazines in Chinese. You can also learn and sing Chinese songs to help remember Chinese words and make Chinese friends to practise your spoken Chinese.

Best wishes,

Li Hua

请看下面经过修改的文章:

Dear Peter,

I’m glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to learn Chinese well. Here are a few suggestions. First, it is important to take a Chinese course, as you’ll be able to learn from the teacher and practice with your fellow students. Then, it also helps to watch TV and read books, newspapers and magazines in Chinese whenever possible.

Besides, it should be a good idea to learn and sing Chinese songs, because by doing so you’ll learn and remember Chinese words more easily. You can also make more Chinese friends. They will tell you a lot about China and help you learn Chinese.

Try and write me in Chinese next time.

Best wishes,

Li Hua

该文章中可视为高级结构之处有很多,如:

1. first…then…besides…等表示顺序的词汇的使用,使得文章意思更连贯,层次更清楚。

2. as you’ll be able to learn from…这一原因状语从句的使用,表现出较好语言运用能力。

3. It should be a good idea to…这一结构的使用也是充分表现了作者的语言驾驭能力。

4. because by doing so you’ll learn and…是很高明的一个表达,不仅运用了原因状语从句,而且还在其中插入了by doing so这样的方式状语。

5. Try and write me in Chinese next time这一结尾也很有特色,不仅表达地道,而且,很是到位。

6. 其中的fellow students, help to do sth, whenever possible等也都是让老师眼睛一亮的不错表达。

(责任编辑  陈根花)