定语从句之专题三:as引导定语从句(系统讲解内在原理)

(本文节选自高伟《魔方英语语法》第十一章第四节。已经登记版权,请勿用于商业用途。)

(原文标题:as(代词)引导定语从句和as(连词)引导评述性状语从句)

 

分两大类情况讲解:

as

that/which区别

(一)一般地,主句后无逗号时,

as(代词)引导限制性定语从句

注意as从句与that从句的区别:

such…assuch…that

the same…asthe same…that

(二)一般地,主句后有逗号时,

as(连词)引导评述性状语从句

注意as从句与which从句的区别:

which(代词)引导非限制性定语从句。

下边详细讲解。

1. 当先行词是“such/the same+名词时,用as引导定语从句。即,such+n.+as(代词)the same +n.+as(代词)

例句(as指代such+n.,作主语/宾语/表语)

●We invited all such people as were likely to come.

as在从句中作主语。as=all such people,即,All such people were likely to come.

●I have never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听说过他讲的这类故事。

as在从句中作宾语。as=such stories,即,He tells such stories。)

●I’ve never seen such a fool as he is.

as在从句中作表语。as= such a fool,即,He is such a fool.)。

例句(as指代the same +n.,作主语/宾语/表语)

●Is this the same mosquito as bit you just now?(as作主语。The same mosquito (=as) bit you.

●This is the same knife as I lost yesterday.as作宾语。I lost the same knife (=as) yesterday.

●She is just the same person as she used to be.as作表语。She used to be the same person (=as).

 

2.asthat的区别。

①such…as(代词)引导定语从句,such…that(连词)引导结果状语从句。如,

●He is such a good boy as everyone likes.他是个人人都喜欢的好男孩。

(从句缺成分(缺宾语),因此as是代词(作成分))

●He is such a good boy that everyone likes him.他是个好男孩,以至于人人都喜欢他。

(从句不缺成分,因此that是连词(不作成分))

②the same…as(代词)…,表示两物相似;the same…that(代词)…,表示两物同一物。如,

●This is the same pen as I used yesterday.这是和我昨天用的一样的钢笔。

●This is the same pen that I used yesterday.这是我昨天用过的那支钢笔。

注意:the same …,可以与代词as/that连用,也可以与副词when/where等连用。如,

●This is the same place where we had the party that day.where作状语)

 

评述性状语从句,表示说话人的看法、态度、解释或评论。as的意思是正如/

学习这块内容,关键在于区别aswhich。本书认为,as(连词)引导评述性状语从句,which(代词)引导非限制性定语从句。所有的能换用/不能换用的情况,都可以用这点区别推导出来。下文中,1.讲不能换用的情况;2.讲能换用的情况。14是重点内容,23仅供了解。

1. as (连词)引导评述性状语从句,which (代词)引导非限制定语从句。

1)引导词词性不同。as是连词,which是代词。由此可以推导出:

因为as是连词,所以,as在从句中不作成分;which是代词,所以,which在从句中作成分(主//表)。

●He is absent, as/(which×) it is often the case.

(因为从句中不缺成分,所以,要用as,不能用which

●He saw the girl, (as×)/which delighted him.

(因为从句中缺成分,所以,要用which,不能用as。)

因为as是连词,所以,只能指代整个主句;which是代词,所以,可以指代整个主句或其中某个词。

●The moon, which/(as×) is 384,000 kilometres away from the earth, creates many beautiful stories.

●The shed, which/(as×) we often played in, has lasted for a long time.

因为as是连词,意思是正如/,所以,只用于肯定句(若用于否定句则语意不顺);which是代词,没有正如/之意,可以用于肯定句或否定句。

●She has been absent again, which/as is expected.

●He came here very late, which/(as×) is unexpected (=not expected).

 

2)从句类型不同。as引导的是状语从句,which引导的是定语从句。由此可以推导出:

因为as引导状从,所以,as从句置于主句前/后皆可;which引导定从,所以,which从句只能置于主句后。

As/(which×) was natural, he married her.

●He married her, as/which was natural.

因为as引导状从,所以,可以省略主语it

which引导定从,所以,不能省略主语it

(例句见下文“aswhich可换用的情况

 2. aswhich可以换用的三种情况,纯属巧合。

为何说纯属巧合呢?因为,as引导的是状语从句,它可以省略无意义的it(作主/宾语时)或承前省略(作表语时)。在省略掉这些词之后,凑巧可以把as换作which

1which主系表中作主语时,有时可以替换为as试对比:

●He married her, which was natural.(不能插入it。为何此处不能插入it呢?因为,which是代词,在从句中作成分,如果再插入it,则重复了。)

He married her, as (it) was natural.(有无it都可以。为何此处有无it都可以呢?因为,as是连词,as在从句中不作成分,所以,插入it之后,也不重复。又因为as引导的是状语从句,而状语从句有时可以省略无意义的主语it。)

She has been absent again, which is expected/(which expected×).

“which+be+v-ed”时,不能插入it,也不能省略be。)

She has been absent again, as (it) is expected/as expected.

“as+be+v-ed”时,可以插入it,也可以省略be。)

注意,which谓宾中作主语时,不能替换为as如,He saw the girl, which/(as×) delighted him.

Tom was late for school again, which/(as×) made his teacher angry.(这两个句子为何不能看作as从句省略it呢?因为,在状语从句中,一般在主系表情况下,才可以省略it,而以上两个句子都是主谓宾。)

 

2which作宾语时,有时可以替换为as试对比:

He is from the south, which we can know from his accent.(不能插入it

He is from the south, as we can know (it) from his accent.(有无it都可以)

3which作表语时,有时可以替换为as试对比:

He seemed a foreigner, which in fact he was.(不能插入a foreigner

He seemed a foreigner, as in fact he was (a foreigner).(有无a foreigner都可以。因为,在状语从句中,承前省略了a foreigner。) 

总之,as是连词,which是代词,两者截然不同。二者能换用的情况,纯属巧合,并不能说明它们词性相同。打个比方,一个马群和一个牛群,偶尔在同一地方吃草,但是,马还是马牛还是牛。

3.常见的as引导评述性状语从句。见下表,

分类

举例

主系表

as (it) is often the caseas (it) is naturalas (it) seems likely

主系+v-ed

as (it) was pointedas (it) is mentioned/repeated/said

as (it) have been announcedas (it) has been said before

主谓

as (it) often happensas (it) appears

as I remember/understand (it)as we had expected (it)

as I have said (it)as we see/know (it)as everyone knows (it)

注:关于状语从句中的省略,可以参看本章第七节以及第十二章。

4. 注意as/it/what的区别。如,

What is known to us all is that China has the largest population in the world.

what引导主语从句,that引导表语从句)

It is known to us all that China has the largest population in the world.

it作形式主语,真实主语是后边的that从句)

As is known to us all, China has the largest population in the world.

as引导评述性状语从句)

 

分组对比练习

题组28aswhich

1. _____ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.2004,江苏)

AWhich   BWhen   CWhat   DAs  

分析:as引导评述性状语从句,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后。which引导定语从句,不能放在主句前,只能放在主句后。选D

2. A lot of language learning, ____has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period .2012,安徽) Aas   Bit   Cwhich   Dthis  

句意:正如研究发现,很多语言学习发生在出生后的第一年,所以,在那个阶段,父母应该多和孩子说话。选A

3. The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and emply more people to keep it running, ____meant spending tens of thousands of pounds.(2006,江苏)  A.who   B.that   C.as   D.which

分析:which (代词)在从句中作成分(作主语),as (连词)在从句中不作成分。选D

4. If the man is only interested in your looks, ____ just shows how shallow he is. (陷阱题)

A. as   B. which   C. what   D. that

分析:容易误认为逗号后是非限制性定语从句,从而误选AB。其实,注意逗号前是一个条件状语从句,逗号后是该状语从句的主句,that 在此代表前文所述的情况,用作主句的主语。选D

5. ―Who should be responsible for the accident?―The boss, not the workers.They just carried out the order____.2008,福建)   Aas told   Bas are told   Cas telling   Das they told  

分析:as (they are) told,选A

 

题组29as/it/what

1. _____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.(全国卷)

A. It   B. As   C. That   D. What   B

2. The air quality in the city, ____is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. (2012,福建)

A. that   B. it   C. as   D. what

句意:正如报告中所写的那样,在过去的两个月中,这座城市的空气质量提高了。

分析:把从句放在句首就很明白了:    is shown in the report, the air quality in the city has improved over the past two months. “正如在报告中所写的那样as指的是下文所提到的话。选C

3. ____ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your email account.(上海高考题)   A. What is required   B. What requires is   C. It is required   D. It requires  

句意:规则要求你不应把你的电子邮件的密码告诉别人。选C

4. ____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. (2008,山东).

A. It   B. This   C. What   D. As   

分析:what是主语从句的引导词,其余都不是。选C

5. Everyone knows that ____ is dangerous to play with firebut ____ is difficult is to prevent children from playing with fire. (陷阱题).   A. it, it   B. what, what  C. it, what  D. what, it

分析:容易误选AB。其实,第一空填形式主语it,真正的主语是其后的不定式 to play with fire。第二空填 whatwhat is difficult 是主语从句(注意到what is difficult 后有is,若没有这个is,则第二空也填it)。答案是C

 

语法书对比:一般语法书上讲解为“as (代词)引导非限制性定语从句,为什么本书却讲解为“as (连词)引导评述性状语从句?到底该听谁的?

    1.为什么一般语法书讲解为“as (代词)引导非限制性定语从句呢?有三个原因:他们认为,既然“as/which在三种情况下可以换用,那么“aswhich一样都是代词。这种认识是以偏概全,是错误的。打个比方,两个人偶然见了几次面,有人竟然由此断定他们是弟兄!他们认为,既然引导限制性定语从句的as是代词,那么,引导非限制性定语从句的as也是代词。他们虽然觉得aswhich很不相同,但是不知道如何去解释二者可以换用的现象。

2.为什么不能按照一般语法书的讲解去学习?如果按照一般语法书讲的去学习,开始可能感觉很好(两个词能换用么),但是一定会越学越糊涂。因为,关于能换用的情况。能换用的情况纯属巧合,导致每一条能换用的情况后边都要加个注意:在这种细分情况下不能换用关于不能换用的情况。学习不能换用的那n3种情况时,更是只能死记硬背了。

3.本书的讲解好在哪里呢?本书的讲解,仅仅一句话,即,“as (连词)引导评述性状语从句,which (代词)引导非限制性定语从句,就解释了能换用/不能换用的所有情况。

 

本文的理论依据和理论创新:(仅供教师参考)

一般书中都说as(代词)引导非限制性定语从句,本书为什么说as(连词)引导评述性状语从句?

本书完善了逗号后的as从句处理为状语从句这种讲解。具体讲,当前边后逗号时,as(连词)引导评述性状语从句,which(代词)引导非限制性定语从句。就凭这一点区别,既可以解释aswhich不可换用的情况(分n-3种情况,见正文讲解),又可以解释aswhich可以换用的情况(分3种情况,见正文讲解)。

参考文献及述评。主要参考了夸克《英语语法大全》和徐广联《大学英语语法》。参考前者是因为其权威,参考后者是因为其提供了足够多的多样化的可供研究的例句。(也参考了刘重德《英语as的用法研究》(湖南教育出版社)把as用法分为代词/副词/介词/连词,其中以代词最复杂。)

1)夸克《英语语法大全》。①15.53认为“as you know”等是评述性状语从句。②15.55集中讲解了as引导的评述性状语从句,并对比了as作关系代词引导定语从句。“as的这两类结构经常合二为一,可以插入it,也可以不用it。如,as (it) offen happensas (it) was pointed outas I remember (it)”③17.22-24讲非限制性定语从句时,压根儿就没有提到as

2)徐广联《大学英语语法》。第十七讲..2as引导非限制性定语从句。此处列举了大量规则以及例句。(笔者注:如果把as看作连词,引导评注性状语从句,则这些规则与例句都能得到合理解释。)第十八讲.七,讲方式状语从句,认为“as I remember”等可以看作是方式状语从句。(笔者认为应该把as I remember看作评注性状语从句。)

综上所述,这两本书试图把逗号后的as从句处理为状语从句。但是,尚未对为什么有时候aswhich都可以使用作出系统的合理的解释。

本文作者:高伟,编著《魔方英语语法》(高中版和教研版)。魔方英语语法的总特点就是拼魔方。具体说,通过矩阵表格,研究语法内在的系统性原理性,最终达到以简驭繁。作者QQ529542368