什么是肥胖羞辱？
What is fat-shaming?
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.
大家好。这里是BBC教学英语的《六分钟英语》节目。我是尼尔。
And I'm Georgina.
我是乔治娜。
January is often the time when people make New Year's resolutions
一月份通常是人们制定新年计划的时候，
– things they want to start, or stop, doing in the new year.
即在新的一年里他们想开始或停止去做的事情。
Have you made any resolutions for 2021, Georgina?
乔治娜，针对2021年你做了什么计划吗？
Well, for a start, Neil, I'm definitely going on a diet!
好吧，首先，尼尔，我一定要节食！
Over Christmas I really piled on the pounds with all that chocolate.
圣诞节期间，吃了那么多巧克力，我真的发胖了。
Yes, not to mention Christmas pudding!
是的，更不用说圣诞布丁了！
I'd already put on extra weight during lockdown,
在疫情封锁期间我已经长胖了，
then even more over Christmas, so I definitely need to diet in 2021.
圣诞节期间甚至更胖了，所以2021年我绝对要节食。
It's curious that we both made resolutions to lose weight, isn't it?
真奇怪，我们都下定决心要减肥，不是吗？
I mean, most people overeat a bit at Christmas, then diet in January.
我是说，大多数人都会在圣诞节吃多一点，然后在一月份节食。
What are you saying, Georgina?
你在说什么，乔治娜？
Do you think we're worried people will call us fat?
你觉得我们会担心别人说我们胖吗？
It wouldn't be so surprising, Neil.
这并不奇怪，尼尔。
After all incidents of fat-shaming are on the rise
毕竟，“肥胖羞辱”事件正在增加
– that's what it's called when someone is criticised or humiliated for being fat.
——“肥胖羞辱”指的是某人因为肥胖而受到批评或羞辱。
In this programme we'll be asking where the attitudes behind fat-shaming come from.
在本期节目中，我们将探讨“肥胖羞辱”背后的态度来自何处。
We'll be hearing how anti-fat attitudes are often implicit or unconscious.
我们将听到关于反对肥胖这种态度如何在日常中隐性或无意识地表露。
Hang on though, Neil.
等等，尼尔。
Having a second slice of Christmas cake is hardly the same as being fat, much less obese.
吃第二块圣诞蛋糕和变胖几乎是不相同的，更到不了肥胖的地步。
That's true, Georgina.
的确是这样，乔治娜。
The word obese describes a person who's very overweight, with a lot of body fat.
“obese ”这个词描述的是一个非常超重的人，体脂很多。
It's the term for a medical condition, measured using BMI or the body mass index.
它是描述一种身体状况的术语，用BMI或身体质量指数来衡量。
It's on the rise in the UK.
它在英国呈上升趋势。
In fact, that's my quiz question – how many adults in the UK are affected by obesity?
事实上，那就是我的测试问题——英国有多少成年人受到肥胖的影响？
Is it: a) 1 in every 3 adults, b) 1 in every 4 adults or c) 1 in every 5 adults?
是：a）三分之一的成年人，b）四分之一的成年人，还是c）五分之一的成年人？
I'll guess, b) 1 in every 4.
我猜是b）四分之一的成年人。
OK, we'll find out the answer later.
好的，我们稍后将揭晓答案。
As you say, Georgina, the word obese has a very specific meaning.
就像你说的，乔治娜，“obese ”这个词有很特殊的含义。
Here's Professor Abigail Saguy talking about the term to BBC World Service's The Why Factor.
阿比盖尔·萨盖教授在BBC全球服务节目The Why Factor谈到了这个术语。
Listen out for when the word, obesity, started to be used:
留心听一下“obesity”这个词是何时开始使用的：
The term obesity was coined in the middle of the 20th century as a concerted effort by medical doctors to say:
“obesity ”这个词是在20世纪中叶被创造出来的，是医生们共同表述的结果：
this is a medical issue, one over which we have authority and expertise.
这是一个医学问题，在这方面我们权威并具备专业知识。
Professor Saguy says the term obese was coined in the mid-1900s,
萨盖教授表示，“obese ”一词是在20世纪中期被创造出来的，
meaning it was invented or first used in a particular way.
这意味着它的创造或首次使用是以一种特别的方式。
It originally meant an individual medical problem; something to be discussed between patient and doctor.
它最初指的是个人医疗问题；病人和医生之间要讨论的事物。
But over time obese has become a term of discrimination and abuse.
但随着时间的推移，“obese ”已成为一个具有歧视性和侮辱性的词了。
Psychology professor, Chris Crandall, has been involved in Harvard University's implicit bias projects.
心理学教授克里斯·克兰德尔参与了哈佛大学的内隐偏见项目。
Most famous for revealing racial prejudice, the tests also measure other kinds of biases, including weight.
这些测试最能揭露种族偏见，它们还能衡量其它类型的偏见，包括体重。
Many of the beliefs we hold about other people are hidden from conscious awareness.
我们对他人的许多观念都是隐藏在自觉意识之外。
So what goes through our mind, consciously or unconsciously, when we see very fat people?
所以，当我们看到非常胖的人时，我们有意识或无意识地会想到什么呢？
Here's Professor Crandall speaking to BBC World Service's The Why Factor:
下面是克兰德尔教授在BBC全球服务节目The Why Factor中谈到的：
We tend to think, at least in the western world, of fat people as personal failures, as moral failures…
至少在西方世界，我们倾向于认为胖的人是个人的失败，道德的失败……
People tend to think of fatness as an indicator of laziness, of over-indulgence,
人们倾向于认为肥胖是懒惰、过度放纵的标志，
of a lack of moral fibre, an unwillingness to take hold of your own life.
是缺乏坚定品格和不愿掌控自己生活的标志。
We, as everyday Americans and westerners in general,
我们，作为普通的美国人和西方人，
tend to think that it's a personal attribute,
常常认为这是一种个人特质，
it's a thing that you do to yourself and as a result you are deserving of scorn.
是你自作自受，因此你应该受到嘲笑。
There is a commonly-held prejudice that fat people are responsible for their condition
有一种普遍的偏见认为，肥胖的人应该对自己的状况负责
– because they're lazy, greedy, or lacking in moral fibre
——因为他们懒惰、贪婪，或者缺乏坚定品格
- the ability or determination to behave ethically or with self-control.
——使行为符合伦理或能自控的能力或决心。
In the west especially, being fat or overweight is thought of as a personal attribute
尤其是在西方，肥胖或超重被认为是一种个人特质
– a quality, characteristic or feature that someone has.
——一个人具有的品质、特性或特征。
The idea is that fat people just are the way they are, and have no–one to blame but themselves:
该观点认为，肥胖的人就该是那样，他们怪不了别人，只能怪自己：
they should just exercise more or stop eating…
他们应该多运动或停止多吃……
This leads some to treat them with scorn – a strong feeling of contempt or disrespect.
这导致一些人嘲笑他们——嘲笑是一种强烈鄙视或不尊重的感觉。
In reality of course, weight isn't just about individual choices.
当然，在现实生活中，体重不仅仅是个人的选择。
How fat you are is also determined by environment and genetics – up to 80%, in some cases.
你有多胖也是由环境和基因决定的——在某些情况下概率高达80%。
And anyway, even if it was under personal control,
无论如何，即使肥胖是由个人控制的，
fat-shaming doesn't feel like the right way to help people lose weight.
肥胖羞辱也不是帮助人们减肥的正确方式。
So if it doesn't cause problems, maybe you can have that second slice of cake after all, Georgina.
所以如果那不会造成问题的话，也许你可以吃第二块蛋糕，乔治娜。
Thanks Neil, but I don't want to spoil my appetite for the quiz question you asked.
谢谢尼尔，但我不想破坏我对你所提问题的兴趣。
Was I right about the number of UK adults affected by obesity?
关于英国受肥胖影响的成年人的数量问题，我答对了吗？
What did you say, Georgina?
你的答案是什么，乔治娜？
I guessed, the answer was b) 1 in every 4 adults.
我猜答案是b）四分之一的成年人。
Which was… the correct answer!
回答……正确！
Fat is an issue affecting millions of adults in the UK alone,
肥胖问题仅在英国就影响了数百万成年人，
and with studies suggesting that obesity might be a negative factor linked to Covid 19,
而且研究表明，肥胖可能是与新冠肺炎有关的一个负面因素，
it's one that could affect millions more.
它可能会影响数以百万计更多的人。
Food for thought there, Neil.
引人深思啊，尼尔。
Now, let's recap the vocabulary, starting with obese
现在，让我们回顾一下词汇，从“obese”开始
– dangerously overweight as measured by the body mass index or BMI.
——身体质量指数（简称BMI）所衡量出的严重超重。
This term obesity was coined – or invented, to describe a medical condition,
“obesity ”这个术语是为了描述一种疾病而被创造或发明出来的，
although many people nowadays consider it a personal attribute – a quality or characteristic.
尽管现在很多人认为这是一种个人特质——一种品质或特性。
Fat-shaming is criticising and humiliating someone for being fat,
“Fat-shaming”指的是批评和羞辱某人胖，
or showing them scorn – feelings of contempt or disrespect.
或者对他们表示scorn鄙视——一种蔑视或不尊重的感觉。
Or it could also involve believing they lack moral fibre – the ability to behave correctly or with self-control.
或者还会认为他们缺乏moral fibre，坚定的品行——使行为正确或自控的能力。
That's all for this programme,
以上就是本期节目的全部内容，
but to find out more about your own implicit biases based on race, sexuality or weight,
但要想了解更多关于你自己基于种族、性别或体重的隐性偏见，
search online for 'Harvard IAT' and take a test yourself.
那就在网上搜索“Harvard IAT”，自己做个测试。
You may be surprised what you find out!
你可能会对结果感到惊讶！
And to hear more topical discussion and vocabulary join us again soon at 6 Minute English,
要想听到更多的话题讨论和词汇，欢迎再次收听我们的《六分钟英语》，
download the app at your usual app store and follow us on social media.
在你常用的应用商店下载该应用，并在社交媒体上关注我们吧。
Bye for now!
再见了！
Bye!
拜！