请看下面两道高考题：
1. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ________ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. (2008江西卷)
A. where B. when C. who D. which
【分析】答案为A。where在此引导定语从句，其先行词为cases。在一般情况，定语从句应紧跟在先行词之后，其间不能插入其他成分，但在本题中，定语从句与先行词被分开，若不注意到这一点，此题很容易做错。句意为：在本章的后面部分，我们将为读者介绍一些事例，说明消费者的投诉已经使法律作出了修改。
2. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, ________ New York is an example. (2008四川卷)
A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which
【分析】答案为C。of which在此引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词为前面的many cities。在通常情况，定语从句应紧跟在先行词之后，其间不能插入其他成分，但在本题中，定语从句与先行词被分开，若不注意到这一点，此题很容易做错。句意为：对世界上许多城市来说，已经没有进一步发展的空间，纽约就是其中的一个例子。
这两道题均涉及分离修饰的问题。综观近几年的高考英语单项填空题，有不少所谓的“难题”均与这类分离修饰有一定的关系，本文为同学们归纳了八类分离修饰的易错陷阱，希望引起大家的注意。
一、主谓分离陷阱
1.The girl as well as the other students ________ excited.
A. was B. were C. being D. be
【分析】依据题意“那个女孩还有其他的学生都很激动”，有些同学可能会选 B。其实 正确答案是A。当主语后面跟有 as well as, as much as, with, together with, no less than, along with, like, rather than, no more than, in addition to, but, except, besides, including 等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单复数随主语的单复数而定，造成主语和谓语分离，让同学们误入陷阱。请做以下几题(答案均选A)：
(1) No one but her parents ________ it.
A. knows B. know C. is knowing D. are knowing
(2) Mary, together with two boys, ________ for having broken the rule.
A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished
(3) A library with five thousand books ________ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. hasn’t decided C. aren’t decided D. haven’t decided
(4) The teacher, together with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ________ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.
A. was B. were C. had been D. would be
2. The ________ we saw yesterday come out from the farm once in a while.
A. cow B. dog C. horse D. deer
【分析】此题粗略一看，选A、B、C、D四个选项都行。而有些同学看到名词 the farm 时，很容易误选为A。因为与农场关系密切的当属cow。其实不然，此题答案选 D。这道试题着重考查的是时态环境下的主谓一致的语法现象。本句用的是一般现在时态，谓语是come out, 我们要选的词应该在句子中作主语，但是主语和谓语之间有一个修饰先行词的定语从句(that / which )we saw yesterday，将句子的主语和谓语分开，从而增加了解题的难度。
注意：解此类试题时，要分清句子的结构，抓住句子的主干，还要将句子的时态和主谓一致兼顾，才能准确无误地选对答案。
3. A ________ of fish has been killed in this river because of serious pollution
A. lot B. number C. mass D. great deal
【分析】此题答案很容易误选为A 或D。很多同学在看到谓语形式是 has been killed时，就以为 fish 是不可数名词。其实，正确答案为C。fish 在这里是表复数意义的可数名词，并且单复数同形。但这里的主语不是fish，而是mass，主谓隔离使同学们误入陷阱。“a mass of + n. + 谓语单数”=“masses of + n. + 谓语复数”。请看以下类似的例子：
(1) Large amounts of water ________ polluted since the factory was built last year.
A. was B. were C. have been D. has been
(2) A large quantity of crops ________ destroyed in the flood.
A. was B. were C. have D. has
第(1)题的答案为C。主语是amounts 而不是 water；第(2)题答案为B。主语是quantity而不是crops。
二、句型分离陷阱
1. In the wartime, the masses devoted ________ they had ________ the army in fighting against the Japanese.
A. whatever; to supporting B. what; supporting
C. anything which; to supporting D. all; to supporting
【分析】此题很容易误选为 C或者D。其实正确答案是 A。这道题目考查的是一个固定句型搭配，即 devote (time, money, energy…) to (doing) sth。devote 后接了一个由 whatever 引导的宾语从句。此题的难点在于我们要选的第1空是名词或代词或名词性从句作devote 的宾语，隔离了这个动词短语固定搭配，增加了解题难度。C 项中 anything 为不定代词，后接定语从句时其关系代词用 that 而不用 which，故C错误。
2. How long do you think it is ________ she arrived here?
A. when B. that C. before D. since
【分析】面对这道题，很多同学觉得无从下手，很容易误选C。其实正确答案是D。此题是一个宾语从句，并且是疑问句，这无疑增加了解题难度。这里我们不妨把它变成陈述句。将do you think 看成插入语，则句子就变成了：It is (how long) since she arrived here. 这样，句子结构就一目了然。这是一个“It is + 段时间 + since…(自从……以来有多久了)”的句型。请注意区分下面相类似的句型：It will (not) be…before…(要过多久……才 / 不过多久就……)和It was(not)…before…(过了多久……才 / 没过多久就……)。
3. It was ________ computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons.
A. to have played B. playing C. played D. having played
【分析】正确答案为B，考查的是强调句型，被强调成分是句子的主语，但其被强调句式 It was…that…隔离，增强了试题的迷惑性。这里我们应选动词的-ing形式作主语。请看下面相似的例子：
(1) Was it during the Second World War ________ he died?
A. that B. while C. in which D. then
(2) ________ helped you work out that difficult maths problem?
A.Who did B. it was who that C. Who it was that D. Who was it that
第 (1) 题的答案为 A。是疑问句形式的强调句型，被强调的部分during the Second World War 在句中作状语；第 (2) 题的答案是D。被强调的是疑问词 who 在句中作主语。
三、定语从句分离陷阱
1. This is the biggest nature park for milu deer in China ________ they have visited.
A. where B. in which C. that D. which
【分析】解此题的关键在于找准定语从句中的先行词。此题中的先行词应该是 park，for milu deer 和in China 都是限定语修饰 park的；又因为 visit 是及物动词，应有宾语，而where和 in which只能作状语，据此可排除A和B；而这里的先行词又是被形容词的最高级所修饰，可排除 D，故答案选C。在这里，句中for milu deer 和in China 分离了先行词与它的定语从句，会使人产生错觉，误入陷阱。请看下面类似的例子(www.yygrammar.com)：
(1) The day they were looking forward to________ at last.
A. coming B. comes C. came D. come
(2) Do the way you thought of ________ the water clean make any sense?
A. making B. to make C. how to make D. having made
第 (1) 题的答案为 C。主句的主语是 The day，其中 they were looking forward to 是一个定语从句；第 (2) 题的答案是B。其中 you thought of 是一个定语从句，它实际上考查的是短语the way to do sth / of doing sth 的用法。
2. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________, of course, made the others unhappy.
A. who B. which C. this D. that
【分析】此题中的of course 对很多同学具有迷惑性和干扰性。事实上，答案选B。这是一个含有由 which 引导的非限制性定语从句的复合句(在非限制性定语从句不能用关系代词that 引导)，在句子中 of course 是一个插入语，对句子作一些附加的修饰，并将定语从句和它的先行词隔离开来，从而增加解题难度。分析结构时我们可将其拿掉，使句式简化。
3. Is this museum ________ some German friends visited the day before yesterday?
A. which B. where C. that D. the one
【分析】此题很容易误选为A或C，知道将它当作一个定语从句来看，但却误将 this museum 当成定语从句的先行词。其实，this museum 是主句的主语，这是一个疑问句，我们只要将句子还原成 This museum is… 就可以看出定语从句缺少了先行词。由此我们可知 D 是正确答案。做这一类试题时，常常将疑问句还原成陈述句，问题就变得简单了。请看下面类似的例子：
(1) Is this museum ________ his father worked ten years ago?
A. in which B. where C. that D. the one
(2) Is this the museum ________ some German friends visited the day before yesterday?
A. in which B. where C. that D. the one
分析：第(1)题答案是 B。将题干还原成：This museum is ________ his father worked ten years ago. 便可知这是一个由where 引导的表语从句, 在表语从句中 where 不能用“介词 + which”来替换；第(2)题的答案是C。将题干还原成：This is the museum ________ some German friends visited the day before yesterday. 便不难看出句子的主干是 This is the museum 其后是一个定语从句修饰先行词 the museum的，所以应选关系代词作从句谓语动词visited 的宾语。
四、插入语分离陷阱
Generally speaking, ________ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be take
【分析】此题正确答案为 B。考查分词短语作状语的用法，在这道试题中，我们所要填的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是 the drug，所以用过去分词表被动。但在分词短语后有一插入语 according to the direction，增加了试题的难度。做这一类题目时，要学会抓住句子的主干，去掉枝叶，问题就迎刃而解。试看下面的例题：
(1) Everyone, in our hometown, men and women, old and young, ________ singing and dancing.
A. are fond of B. enjoys C. go in for D. take part in
(2) The manager decided to give the job to ________ he believed had a strong sense of duty.
A. whomever B. who C. whoever D. those
(3) John plays football ________, if not better than, David.
A. as well B. as good C. as well as D. as good as
第 (1) 题选B。主语是 everyone，其中 men and women, old and young 为插入语；第 (2) 题选 C。he believed 为插入语；第 (3) 题选C。这是一个比较句型，if not better than是插入语，也是一个省略形式的比较句型。
五、名词性从句分离陷阱
The news has come from the capital ________ an important meeting is to be held there.
A. where B. in which C. that D. which
【分析】此题很容易误选为 A 或B，原因是错把capital 作为先行词，误选 where 或 in which 在定语从句中作状语。而事实上，从句后面已经有状语 there。若选 D，则 which 在从句中做何成分无法认可，从而可以排除，故答案选C。实际上，这是以that引导的同位语从句，修饰名词the news。has come from the capital 插在中间，导致了同位语从句和它所说明的词分离，形成了干扰，使人容易误入陷阱。
注意：有些名词性从句与所解释说明的词之间会有词组、短语、或别的结构成分，使相关的部分隔离，这种语言现象，增加了试题的难度，只有识别结构，才能化难为易。请同学们看下面类似的例子(www.yygrammar.com)：
(1) Information has been put forward ________ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
(2) The question came up at yesterday’s meeting ________ we had enough money for our research.
A. which B. if C. that D. whether
(3) The man will use what he has ________ a camera for his wife.
A. to get B. got C. had bought D. buy
第 (1) 题的答案是B；第 (2) 题的答案为D；第 (3) 题的答案是A，此句中，what he has 是一个宾语从句，to get a camera for his wife 作目的状语。不能把空格前的 has 和选项got 视为有联系的意群。
六、短语动词分离陷阱
He didn’t realize the use we ________ the information.
A. made into B. made in C. made of D. made from
【分析】题干中运用了短语动词 make use of，名词use 被提取出来，作了主句的宾语和定语从句的先行词，而定语从句中的关系代词which 或that代替先行词use，在从句中作宾语时可省略，因此从句中就仅留下了made of，故此题的正确答案应选 C。
注意：做此类题型的关键在于善于将短语动词还原，问题也就迎刃而解了。若不抓住这一点，面对这一类题目就会无从下手。试看下面类似的例子：
(1) The lecturer stressed that more attention will be ________ to the serious pollution.
A. had B. paid C. take D. do
(2) Thank you for the trouble you have ________ to help us.
A. paid B. taken C. spent D. had
(3) The trouble you have ________ helping us is really great.
A. paid B. taken C. spent D. had
第 (1) 题的正确答案是B。考查的是动词短语 pay attention to，名词attention 从其短语中分离出来作了句子的主语。第 (2) 题的答案是B。考查的是动词短语搭配 take (great / much / little…) trouble to do sth，其中 trouble 被分离出来作为主句的先行词，其后跟了一个省略了关系代词的定语从句，其关系代词就是对先行词的重复；第(3)题的答案是D。看起来它与第 (2) 题相似，答案却截然不同，很容易让同学们误入陷阱，其实这一题考查的是固定搭配：have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth 同学们要牢记第 (2) 和第 (3) 这两个句型。
七、疑问句隔离陷阱
1. Who did Mr Baker ________ the information?
A. have check B. have checked C. have to check D. have been checking
【分析】这道题很容易被误选为B或C。其实正确答案是A。考查的是句型 have sb do sth，即 have sb check the information，但其中的sb 就是句中的who，它被提前引起疑问句，而发生隔离现象，增加了试题的迷惑性。不过我们若将其还原成陈述句，问题就不再是问题了。请看下面相似的例子：
(1) Who did you ________ your report for tomorrow’s meeting?
A. have typed B. have it typed C. have type D. have it type
(2) Whom do you think he would ________a letter of congratulation to the policeman?
A. have post B. have posted C. have to post D. have posting
(3) Is this the bike you wish to have ________?
A. repaired it B. repaired C. repair D. it repaired
第(1)题答案为C。道理和上面的例题一样，考查的是动词短语 have sb do sth，即 have sb type the report；第(2)题的答案为A；第(3)题的答案为B。考查 have sth done 的用法，其中，you wish to have repaired 是一个省略关系代词 which / that 的定语从句。
2. ________ the house Mr Zhang has been broken into?
A. When was it that B. When has C. Has D. When was
【分析】面对这道题，同学们首先就想到了强调句型，于是就选了A。其实，判断它是不是强调句型，只要将强调句式It be…that / who 去掉，再调整句子的语序，看句子是否通顺，通顺则就是，不通就不是强调句型。若将句子中的 was it that 去掉，题干就变成了 When the house，很显然，此句不成立，所以选 A 错误。其实正确答案是C。题干中的主语 the house 后面有一个定语从句(which / that) Mr Zhang has，而且这是一个疑问句，句子的主语和谓语被定语从句隔离，从而增加了解题的难度,若将修饰主语后的定语从句拿掉，句子就变成了：________ the house been broken into? 这样，选哪个选项就一目了然了。做这一类试题时，着重在于分析句子，去掉枝叶，抓住主干，问题就迎刃而解。请看将上面的例题稍做改动后的例子：
________ the house Mr Zhang has broken into?
A. When was that B. When has C. Has D. When was
答案选D。此句是一个一般形式的特殊疑问句；若选A，则是强调 when 的强调句式下的一个一般疑问句。
八、结构分离陷阱
He went there to call on an old friend of his and ________ there for a few days.
A. to stay B. stay C. left D. stayed
【分析】本题很容易被误选为 A或者B。认为 and 连接的是 to call on 和 stay 两个并列的不定式成分。其实，正确答案是D。and 连接的是went there 和stayed 两个动词短语。做这一类题目时，同学们一定要分清结构，不要一叶障目，误入陷阱。请做以下两题：
(1) They would rather spend time ________ than ________ in the street.
A. read; wander B. reading; wandering
C. in reading; to wander D. reading; wander
(2) As far as I know, he spends at least as much time watching TV as he ________.
A. does writing B. writes C. writing D. does to write
第(1)题的答案为D。考查的是句型 would rather do sth than do sth 的用法，其中这个句型连接的是 spend time reading 和wander in the street 两个动词短语；第(2)题的答案是A。考查的是 spend time / money / energy (in) doing sth 在比较句型 as…as 中的用法，其中 does 是替代前面所出现的动词 spend。