重点中学英语语法讲义-直接引语与间接引语

 

 

一、概说

引用别人的话一般有两种方式,一种是直接述别人的原话,并把它放在引号内,这叫直接引语;另一种是用自己的话来转述别人的话,并且不能用引号,这就是间接引语。间接引语在许多情况下构成宾语从句。如:

“I want to buy a house in the country.” Jack said. 杰克说:我想在乡下买座房子。”(直接引语)

Jack said that he wanted to buy a house in the country. 杰克他说他想在乡下买座房子。(间接引语)

“Did you buy any books for me?” he asked his mother. 他问他母亲:给我买书没有?”

He asked his mother if he had bought any books for him. 他问他母亲给他买书没有。

“Don’t sleep in class again.” the teacher told Jim. 老师对吉姆说:上课不要再睡觉了。

The teacher told Jim not to sleep in class again. 老师叫吉姆上课不要再睡觉了。

二、直接引语变间接引语的五点变化

1. 时态的变化

直接引语变为间接引语时,若主句为过去时态,变为间接引语的宾语从句通常要将时态往后推一个,即:一般现在时变为一般过去时,一般将来时变为过去将来时,现在进行时变为过去进行时,现在完成时变为过去完成时,一般过去时也变为过去完成时,等等(若直接引语为过去完成时,变为间接引语可以不变)。另外,若直接引语中有情态动词can, may等,也应变成过去式could, might(情态动词must可以变为had to,也可不变,should, ought to, had better 等可以不变)

“I want to stay here.” he said. 他说:我想留在这儿。

→He said that he wanted to stay there. 他说他想留在那儿。

She said, “It’s raining very hard.” 他说:雨下得很大。

→He said that it was raining very hard. 他说雨下得很大。

Jim said, “I can speak Chinese.” 吉姆说:我会讲汉语。

→Jim said that he could speak Chinese. 吉姆说他会讲汉语

(1) 若直接引语为客观真理,则变为间接引语时时态不变:

He said, “The sun rises in the east.” 他说:太阳从东方升起。

→He said that the sun rises in the east. 他说太阳从东方升起。

(2) 有时由于直接引语有特定的过去时间状语,变为间接引语时时态也可不变:

He said, “ was born in 1988.说:我是1988年生的。

→He said that he was born in 1988. 他说他是1988年生的。

2. 时间状语的变化

直接引语变间接引语时,有些时间状语根据情况也要相应的改动:如将now改为then,将today 改为that day,将tonight改为that night,将yesterday改为the day before,将this month改为that month,将last week改为the week before,将three years ago改为three years before,将tomorrow改为the next day,将next year改为the next year,等等:

He said, “I’m very busy now.” 他说:我现在很忙。

→He said that he was very busy then. 他说他当时很忙。

He said, “I want to leave today.” 他说:他想今天离开。

→He said that he wanted to leave that day. 他说他想那天就离开。

He said, “She left yesterday.” 他说:她昨天离开了。

→He said that she had left the day before. 他说她前一天就离开了。

She said, “I’ll tell you tomorrow.” 她说:我明天告诉你。

→She said that she would tell me the next day. 她说她第二天告诉我。

以上变化有时应视情况而定,若在当时转述,now不必改为then;若在当天转述,today, yesterday, tomorrow等不必改为that day, the day before, the next day等;若在当周转述,this week, last week 不必改为that week, the last week;若在当年转述,this year, last year 不必改为that year, the last year等。

3. 代词的变化

在直接引语变为间接引语时,有些代词也要作相应的变化,如指示代词thisthese通常变为thatthose。同时人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等也要根据具体情况作出合理的调整:

He said, “This is my seat.” 他说:这是我的座位。

→He said that that was his seat. 他说那是他的座位。

“I can look after myself.” she said. 她说:我能照顾自己。

→She said that she could look after herself. 她说他能照顾自己。

若场所和地点不发生改变,thisthat也可以不变。

 


 

4. 地点状语的变化

主要涉及的地点状语是here,它在间接引语中通常要变为there

“I live here now.” he said. 他说:我现在住在这里。

→He said that he lived there then. 他说他当时住在那儿。

若在当地转述,则here也可不必改为there

5. 动词的变化

直接引语变为间接引语时,有个别动词也可能需要改变,如come改为gobring改为take等:

“He will come today.” she said. 她说:他今天会来。

→She said that he would go that day. 她说他那天会去。

若地点和场所未发生改变,comebring等也可不变。

三、直接引语变间接引语的五类方法

1. 直接引语为陈述句时如何变为间接引语

方法是:将直接引语变为由that引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后(that也可省略)

“I don’t love her.” he says. 他说:我不爱她。

→He says that he doesn’t love her. 他说他不爱她。

注:(1)若引述动词用的是say to sb,则通常改为tell sb

“It’s a secret.” he said to me. 他对我说:这是秘密。

→He told me that it was a secret. 他对我说那是秘密。

(2)若直接引语是两个并列的陈述句,要注意在第二个宾语从句前加连词that

He says, “I like singing and I want to be a singer.” 他说:我喜欢唱歌,我想当歌手。

→He says that he likes singing and that he wanted to be a singer. 他说他喜欢唱歌,想当歌手。

在此种情况下,引导第一个宾语从句的that有时可以省略,但引导第二个宾语从句的that通常不省略,以免误解。

2. 直接引语为一般疑问句时如何变为间接引语

方法是:将直接引语变为由ifwhether引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后:

“Are you ill?” he asked. 他问:你病了吗?

→He asked if [whether] I was ill. 他问我是否病了。

注:(1)改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。

(2)若直接引语引述动词为say,改成间接引语应将其改为ask等。

3. 直接引语为特殊疑问句时如何变为间接引语

方法是:将直接引语变为由疑问词引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后:

He asked, “When did she leave?” 他问:她什么时候离开的?

→He asked when she had left. 他问她什么时候离开的。

注:(1)改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。

(2)若直接引语引述动词为say,改成间接引语应将其改为ask等。

4. 直接引语为祈使句时如何变为间接引语

方法是:使用ask [tell, order] sb to do sth这一结构进行转换,若祈使句为否定式,则用ask [tell, order] sb not to do sth,其中ask, tell, order的选择视句子的语气而定:

“Come early tomorrow, Jim.” he said. 他说:吉姆,明天早点来。

→He told Jim to come early the next day. 他叫吉姆第二天早点来。

“Don’t be late again, Mary.” he said. 他说:玛丽,不要再迟到了。

→He told Mary not to be late again. 他叫玛丽不要再迟到了。

注:(1)除动词ask, tell, order外,有时也可能用其他动词(www.yygrammar.com)

“Don’t go out at night, Jim.” he said. 他说:吉姆,晚上别出去。

→He warned Jim not to go out at night. 他警告吉姆晚上不要出去。

(2)若祈使句中没有呼语,应根据句意给动词ask, tell, order等补上适当的宾语:

“Watch carefully.” he said. 他说:仔细看着。

→He told us to watch carefully. 他叫我们仔细看着。

 

 

5. 直接引语变间接引语的非正常方法

有时直接引语变为间接引语时,可根据具体的语境选用某种特定的方式,而不拘泥于以上通常方法:

“You had better hurry, Bill.” he said. 他说:比尔,你最好快点。

→He advised Bill to hurry. 他建议比尔快点。

“Shall we meet at two?” he said. 他说:我们两点集合好不好?

→He suggested meeting at two. 他建议两点集合。

“Shall I do it for you?” he asked. 他说:我替你做好吗?

→He offered to do it for me. 他主动提出替我做。

“Could you help us?” he said. 他说:请帮帮我们好吗?

→He asked me to help them. 他叫我帮帮他们。

有些直接引语比较特殊,不太适宜用以上方法变间接引语,也应根据句意选用恰当的表达方式:

“Thank you.” he said. 他说:谢谢你。

→He thanked me. 他向我表示感谢。

“Good luck.” he said. 他说:祝你好运。

→He wished me good luck. 他祝我好运。

He said, “Liar.” 他说:你撒谎。

→He called me a liar. 他骂我撒谎。