所谓思维定势,指的就是人们的一种思维倾向,它是人们在长期的思维过程中所形成的一种思维条件反射。
英语学习中的思维定势,对于英语学习者有利也有弊。其利在于:它可以帮助学习者利用以前所学知识迅速联系所接触的语言现象,从而解决具体的语言实际问题;其弊在于,有时它会误导学习者对于一些比较特殊的句子或语言现象,想当然地套用已形成的思维定势,从而得出错误的结论。
事实说明,各级各类考试的命题者常常利用考生思维定势这一特点, 有意编拟一些比较特殊的句子或结构来测试考生对某一知识点的灵活处理技巧和深层理解能力。比如:
同学们都知道,像can, may, must, could, might, should等情态动词,其后要接动词原形(即不带to的不定式),但是请看以下试题,这些情态动词是要用动词原形吗?
◇He ran as fast as he could _________ the bus.
A. catch B. to catch C. catching D. caught
【分析】此题答案选A吗?错了,不是的。正确答案为 B。你知道为什么吗?
◇He ran as fast as he could _________to catch the bus.
A. hope B. to hope C. hoping D. hoped
【分析】此题答案选A还是B?你若选A,错了;于是你就选B,也错了。此题最佳答案是C。你觉得奇怪吗?为什么前一句的 He ran as fast as he could 后接带 to 不定式 to catch,而后一句的 He ran as fast as he could 后要接现在分词 hoping 呢?
你想弄懂以上问题吗?你还想做做类似的一些陷阱题吗?请往下看。
1. Mr Smith is _________ a good teacher _________ we all respect.
A. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as
【分析】此题容易误选A,一方面是因为 such … that … 是同学们很熟悉的一个句式,一看就可能选中了;另一方面,将 such … that … 的意思“如此……以致……”代入句中,也完全通顺,即“
顺便说一句,假若在原句的 respect 后加上 him 一词,则应选A,即He is such a good teacher that we all respect him (他是如此好的一位老师,我们大家都尊敬他)。
2. She can’t help _________ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned
【分析】此题容易误选B,简单地套用 can’t help doing sth 这一结构。其实此题应选A,注意以下两个结构均可用,只是含义不同:can’t help doing sth=禁不住做某事,情不自禁地做某事; can’t help to do sth=不能帮助做某事。前者为引申用法,一般辞书均作为固定搭配列出来,
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _________ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
【分析】此题应选C(注意根据句意要用被动形式)。
4. He made up his mind to devote his life _________ pollution _________ happily.
A. to prevent, to live B. to prevent, from living
C. to preventing, to live D. to preventing, from living
【分析】此题容易误选B,认为第一空应填 to prevent(即认为其中的 to 为不定式符号),第二空应填 from living,因为 prevent … from doing sth 是一个常用句型。其实错了,正确的答案是C。第一空涉及的结构是 devote … to …(把……奉献给……),其中的 to 是介词,而不是不定式符号;第二空从表面上看涉及的是prevent…from… 结构,但其实不是。因为在 prevent sb/sth from doing sth (阻止某人/某事做某事)这一句型中,prevent 后的宾语(sb/sth)应与其后动名词有逻辑上的主谓关系,如:We can't prevent him from leaving. (我们无法阻止他离开),此句中“他”与“离开”有逻辑上的主谓关系(即“他离开”)。而上面误句中的“污染”与“生活愉快”没有逻辑上的主谓关系,所以不适宜用 prevent…from …结构。选项C中的不定式 to live happily 在句中用作目的状语。
5. Is there a shop around _________ we can buy some toilet articles?
A. that B. which C. where D. what
【分析】此题很容易误选 B,认为 around 是介词,选 which 用以代替前面的名词 shop,在此用作介词 around 的宾语。此分析语法上并不算错,但问题是,照此分析,此句的意思即为:有没有这样一个商店,在它的附近我们可以买到梳妆用品(你喜欢在商店的附近而不在商店里面买东西吗)?其实此题的最佳选项应是 C,其中的 around 是副词(意为“在附近”),而不是介词,其后 where 引导的定语从句修饰其前的地点名词 shop,句意为:附近有没有我们可以买到梳妆用品的商店?
6. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _________ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
许多学生一看到题干中的逗号,便断定此题应选C,属现在分词表结果的用法。其实此题应选B,句中的逗号相当于连词 and 或 but,not to make it more difficult 是对逗号前的不定式 to make life easier 的补充说明。全句句意为“新技术的目的是为了使生活变得更容易,不是使生活变得更困难”。两个不定式虽在句中用作表语,但它们是用以说明句子主语 purpose 的内容的。请看类例(www.yygrammar.com):
(1) The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but ____B____ work for young people.
A. provide B. to provide C. providing D. provided
(2) The purpose of the scheme ____A____ the employers but to provide work for young people.
A. is not to help B. does not help C. is not help D. is not helping
7. After _________ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.
A. which B. it C. what D. that
【分析】此题应选 C,其余三项都很容易误选。误选 A,认为介词后应接关系代词 which (注意没有先行词);B 或 D 也不能选择,因为介词后可接 what 引导的宾语从句,但通常不能跟 that 引导的宾语从句或没有引导词的从句。另一方面,引导名词性从句的 that 也不能充当句子成分(句中的 seemed 缺主语)。
8. The judge paid no attention to _________ he had just lost his wife.
A. that B. which C. what D. the fact that
【分析】此题容易误选 A 或 B:选A,认为 to 后应接一个 that 引导的宾语从句;选B,认为其后是一个定语从句,介词后应用关系代词 which。其实此题应选 D。注意不能选A的原因是,在通常情况下,介词后不能直接跟 that 从句(极个别介词如except, but 等除外),遇此情况,应在 that 从句前加上 the fact(此时 the fact 用作介词宾语,其后 that 从句用作 the fact 的同位语)。又如:
We all knew nothing about _________ he was a thief.
A. that B. which C. what D. the fact that (选D)
9. “When _________ get married?” “When _________ get married hasn’t been made public.”
A. they will, will they B. will they, they will
C. they will, they will D. will they, will they
【分析】此题容易误选 D,认为 when 后应用疑问句词序。其实此题应选 B,第二个 when 是用以引导主语从句的连接副词,其后要用陈述句词序。
10. That day Mr Smith got up late, so he ran as fast as he could _________ the early bus.
A. catch B. to catch C. catching D. caught
【分析】此题容易误选A,认为情态动词后只能接动词原形。但是,错了,正确的答案是B。其实情态动词 could 后本来有动词原形 run,只是被省略了,即此句的完整形式应是 …so he ran as fast as he could run to catch the early bus,其中的不定式 to catch the early bus 为目的状语。又如:
(1) My parents did what they could _________ my aunt and uncle.
A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped
(2) He read what he could _________ his knowledge.
A. widen B. to widen C. widening D. widened
以上两题均选B,即选不定式,且此不定式为目的状语。但是,同学们若据此形成思维定势,也会麻烦。为此,请再看两题:
(1) He ran as fast as he could _________to catch the bus.
A. hope B. to hope C. hoping D. hoped
【分析】此题的最佳答案不是B,而是C,其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the bus 用作伴随状语,即一边跑一边在希望能赶上早班车。
(2) He spent every minute he could _________ foreign languages.
A. study B. to study C. studying D. studied
【分析】此题也应选C,但是,它与上题选现在分词 hoping 表伴随有所不同,此题的 studying 其实与其前的动词 spend 有关,即此句中的 studying 为动名词,其前省略了介词 in。注意spend 的句型:spend + 时间或金钱 + (in) doing sth。
11. _________ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
【分析】此题很容易误选 A,认为此处应填一个形式主语,况且 It is (well) known to…也是一个常用句型,读起来也很上口,其实选错了。同学们仔细想想看,假若选 A,空格处填一个形式主语(it),那么其后就应有一个真正的主语,而事实上没有。但是若句中的逗号改成 that,则只能选 A,因为这样一来,that 便成为一个引导主语从句的引导词。此题的最佳答案是 B,as 引导的是一个非限制性定语从句,可置于主句前(常译为“正如”)或主句后(常译为“这一点”),句意为“正如大家所知,月球每月绕地球转一周”。
12. He is always really rude, _________ is why people tend to avoid him.
A. that B. it C. this D. which
【分析】此题容易误选 A,因为 that’s why…是一个常用结构,同学们极易受此影响而选错,当然若此句的空格前有连词 and 或其前的逗号改为分号,则完全可选that(分别构成并列句或两个独立的简单句)。此题的最佳答案是 D,句子后半部为一个非限制性定语从句,which 指 He is always really rude. 另外请比较以下两题(注意连词的有无):
(1) He had a lot of friends, none of _________ could lend him any money. (选A)
(2) He had a lot of friends, but none of _________ could lend him any money. (选B)
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
13. He wrote a lot of novels, none of _________ translated into a foreign language.
A. them B. which C. it D. what
同学们看了上面一题的分析后,也许会毫不犹豫地认为此题应选 B,理由是none前没有并列连词 and 或 but,其实这次又错了。此题的最佳选项应是A,注意此句与上面一句有着本质的不同,即此句的 translated 不是谓语,而是一个非谓语动词(过去分词),所以逗号后面其实不是一个完整的句子,而是一个独立结构。假若在 translated 前加一个助动词 was,则此题应选 B(which),构成一个非限制性定语从句。所以做这类题要特别小心,千万不要想当然,更不要受定势思维的影响。又如:
(1) I met several people there, two of _________ were foreigners. (选A)
(2) I met several people there, two of _________ being foreigners. (选B)
A. whom B. them C. who D. which
14. He said he would never forget the day _________ he spent with his girlfriend in the country.
A. that B. when C. how D. where
【分析】此题容易误选 B,有不少学生总是机械地认为:时间名词后用关系副词when,地点名词后用关系副词 where。其实时间名词和地点名词后既可能用关系副词也可能用关系代词,主要看它们在定语从句中充当什么句子成分,原则上说:作主语或宾语,用关系代词;作状语,用关系副词。此题从句中的 spent 缺宾语,故应用关系代词(that),而不能用关系副词,即此题应选 A。比较:
(1) This is the factory _________ I worked 10 years ago. (选A)
(2) This is the factory _________ I worked in 10 years ago. (选B)
A. where B. that C. what D. why
15. She may have missed the train, in _________ case she won’t arrive for another hour.
A. whose B. that C. which D. what
【分析】此题容易误选 A,因为不少学生认为在定语从句中能用作定语的关系代词只有 whose。其实除 whose 可用作定语外,which 也可用作定语,只是含义上有差别:在此情况下,whose 的意思相当于 one’s,而 which 的意思则相当于 that 或 this。比较:
(1) This is Mary, whose [= and her] father we met last week.
(2) Call again at 11, by which time [= and by that time] the meeting should be over.
注:若上面一题中的逗号前有连词 and,也可选 B(that)。
16. Sophia was dressed like an actress, _________ she was not.
A. that B. which C. who D. it
【分析】此题很容易误选 C,因为许多学生认为指人时总是用 who,不能用 which,选项 A(that)虽然也能指人,但这是非限制性定语从句,也不能用。其实此题应选 B(which),因为这里的 which 指的其实不是具体的某个人,而是指一个人的特征或属性,此时不能用 who。
17. According to the rules, students must not _________ their books during examinations.(www.yygrammar.com)
A. read B. watch C. notice D. look at
【分析】此题容易误选A,因为许多学生牢牢地记住了:看书看报用 read,看电视用watch,看电影用see,看比赛用watch,看黑板用look at,等等。以上说法并没有错,但问题是,以上句子有其特殊性。一般说来,汉语的“看书”至少有两层意思,一是指阅读性地看书,即看书=读书,此时通常用动词read;另一种看书则不是指阅读性地看书,而只是大概地翻一翻或看一看,比如看看书的封面、定价、内容提要等,或者回答问题时看看书的某些章节或字句以及考试时偷看书本等等,此时通常都不宜用动词read,而应根据情况选用其他动词(如 look at)。又如:Let me have a look at the book (让我看看或翻翻这本书),Please answer my questions without looking at your books (请不看书回答我的问题)。
18. Every boy and girl _________ the book and they each _________ to buy one.
A. like, want B. likes, wants C. likes, want D. like, wants
【分析】此题容易误选D,认为前面一空要用复数动词,因为它的主语是 boy and girl,是复数;而第二空则应用单数动词,因为其前有 each 表示“每一个”。而事实上,恰恰相反,此题应选C。因为按英语习惯,every 后接两个单数名词作主语时,谓语要用单数,即第一空应填 likes;而第二空要填复数动词 want,因为其前的主语是 they 而不是 each(each 为主语同位语)。
19. _________ is his favorite subject, but he doesn’t know _________ for “gongzhuo”.
A. English, English B. The English, the English
C. English, the English D. The English, English
【分析】此题容易误选A,认为表示语言的名词前是不用冠词的。的确,英语中表示语言或表示学科的语言名词前习惯上不加冠词,但是它若表示语言中的对应词语时,则其前习惯上要用定冠词,又如:What’s the Chinese for “work”(work 用汉语怎么说)?另外,在 the English language, the French language 这类带有 language 的表达中也通常要用冠词。顺便说一句,语言名词前习惯上不用物主代词,所以“谁教你们的英语”不能译为 Who teaches your English? 而应译为 Who teaches you English?(此句 teach 后接的 you 和 English 为双宾语) 但是,当表示语言的名词表示某人使用语言的能力和水平时,则可用物主代词,如可说 My English is very poor。因此,最佳答案选C。
20.
A. any B. any other C. other D. another
同学们大都比较熟悉下列句型 (其中的 other 不可省略):
He is clever than any other student in his class. 他比班上其他学生要聪明。
于是许多同学便将than any other 作为一个短语记了下来。但是上面一题有所不同。这类句型到底该不该加 other,主要应看所谈论的对象是否在比较的范围之内:若在范围之内,则用 other (以排除自己与自己比较);若不在范围之内,则不用 other。比较下面一题:
A. any B. any other C. other D. another
【分析】此题应选B,因为 China 在 Asia 的范围之内。假若选A,则表示“中国比亚洲的任何国家都大”,而中国本身也是亚洲国家,由此则得出“中国比中国大”的荒谬结论。而选B,则表示“中国比亚洲任何其他国家要大”,这才合乎事实。
21. Remind him _________ the window when he leaves.
A. of closing B. closing C. to close D. close
【分析】此题容易误选A,受 remind sb of (doing) sth 这结构的影响。比较以下三个结构:
remind sb of sth = 使某人想起某事
remind sb of doing sth = 提醒某人做过某事(暗示动作已发生)
remind sb to do sth = 提醒某人去做某事(暗示动作尚未发生)
请看两个例句:
I’m too busy these days. Please remind me to attend the meeting on Friday. 这几天我很忙,请提醒我星期五去开会。
I was going to see the film, but he reminded me of seeing it before. 我本来打来打算去看这部电影的,但是他提醒我说我以前看过。(此句也可说成 …but he reminded me that I had seen it before)
结合句意和以上分析,此题最佳答案为C。
22.You are right, we are not interested _________ to stories, but now we’d be interested _________ your story.
A. in listening, in hearing B. to listen, to hear
C. in listening, to hear D. to listen, in hearing
【分析】此题容易误选A,因为 be interested in 是大家很熟悉的结构,in 是介词,其后接动词自然应用动名词。但是,从句意来看,此题的最佳答案应是C。为此请注意以下区别:
be interested in doing sth = 对做某事感兴趣(指一般性的动作)
be interested to do sth = 很有兴趣做某事,很想做某事(指尚未发生的动作)
如:He is interested in listening to stories. 他对听故事很感兴趣。
We’d be interested to hear your story. 我们很想听听你的故事。
请看一个类似的例子(www.yygrammar.com):
be keen on doing sth = 热衷于做某事(指一般性的动作)
be keen to do sth = 喝望做某事(指尚未发生的动作)
He is keen on playing tennis. 他很喜欢打网球。
I can’t drive yet, but I’m keen to learn. 我还不会开车,但我很想学。
但是,以上用法是不可以随便推而广之的,因为并不是所有的“be + 形容词”都可同时接不定式或“介词 + 动名词”的。如:
(1) 要表示“喜欢做某事”,英语可用 be fond of doing sth,但不用 be fond to do sth。
(2) 要表示“忙于做某事”,英语可用 be busy in doing sth,但不用 be busy to do sth。
(3) 要表示“厌烦做某事”,英语可用 be tired of doing sth,但不用 be tired to do sth。
(4) 要表示“做某事做迟了”,英语可用 be late in doing sth,但不用 be late to do sth。
(5) 要表示“做某事有经验”,英语可用 be experienced at / in doing sth,但不用 be experienced to do sth。
另外,对于可用于两个结构者,也不见得含义都有以上区别的。如:be fortunate in doing sth 与 be fortunate in doing sth 大致同义。