有网友在《英语答疑网》(见:http://ask.yygrammar.com/ask/q.asp?id=3728)提出了一种比较特殊的语言现象:“There be+V-ing+名词”和“There be+V-ed+名词”,如何解释这种表达句式?讨论这个问题,我觉得比较有意义。
这个问题,我早就注意到了(确切地说,应该在30年前吧)。在这里先声明一下,我没参考任何他人的观点,也没读到过这方面的文章。以下纯属个人看法,欢迎批评。
▲ 英语中的 There,除了表示地点“在那里”外,还有一个非常重要的用法,就是:充当引导词的角色,同时,引起句子结构上的倒装。具体表现在:
1. There be 存在句:――最原始最典型的倒装
谈到倒装句,人们都不陌生,认为它是一个很重要的句式。其实,在一个人刚刚开始学英语的时候,就已经学到了真正意义上的倒装句:There be 句型。
There is a book on the desk. 去掉引导词 There,原来的倒装句则变成:A book is on the desk.
What is there on the desk? 实际等于说:What is on the desk?
There be是倒装句,表存在,不必细说。
2. There + 不及物动词 + 主语:――最常见的倒装
There lived an man in the forest long ago. 很久以前,森林中住着一位老人。
There stands a temple on the top of the mountain. 山顶上有一座庙。
There goes the bell. Let’s have our class. 铃声响了,我们上课吧。
最后一句 There goes the bell. There 除了引起句子结构的倒装外,还提醒听者注意。
3. “There + be + 过去分词 + 主语” 和“There + be + 过去分词 + 主语”――最特殊的倒装
▲“There + be + 过去分词 + 主语”,其实是被动语态的变式,去掉引导词 There,还原本来面目。现在,我直接使用网友的句子为例:
There are now published millions of books very year in China .
等于:Millions of books are now published very year in China.
On the following day, there was held a splendid banquet.
等于:On the following day, a splendid banquet was held.
There was shown at the exhibition an electronic computer made in Shanghai .
等于:An electronic computer made in Shanghai was shown at the exhibition.
▲“There + be + 现在分词 + 主语”,其实是不及物动词进行时态的变式,去掉引导词There,还原本来面目。现在,我直接使用网友的句子为例:
There were running in the garden a group of children aged from seven to twelve.
等于:A group of children aged from seven to twelve were running in the garden.
【我的观点】任何事物的出现都是有原因的,语言现象亦然。我认为,there 的上述用法,体现了语言的3个方面。概括起来,不外乎以下几个原因:
1. 语用方面:There 置于句首,具有提示、提醒作用。如:There goes the bell. Let’s have our class.
2. 修辞方面:There 置于句首,旨在使句子匀称。如:There was shown at the exhibition an electronic computer made in Shanghai.
若说:An electronic computer made in Shanghai was shown at the exhibition. 会显得头重脚轻。
3. 语法方面:There 置于句首,改变句子的正常结构。去掉引导词 There 之后,变成正常语序,以上三种情况的例句,分别为:
(1) There is a book on the desk. → A book is on the desk.
(2) There lived an old man in the forest long ago. → An old man lived in the forest long ago.
(3) There are now published millions of books very year in China . → Millions of books are now published very year in China.
【说明】There置于句首,如果没有实际词汇意义,往往引起句子结构的倒装。如果有实际词汇意义(“在那里”),则不然。试比较:
There stands a temple on the top of the mountain. (There 没有实际意义)
There I saw my old friend Tom. (There表示“在那里”)