There be句式的特殊用法

  

   

  

     

有网友在《英语答疑网》(见:http://ask.yygrammar.com/ask/q.asp?id=3728)提出了一种比较特殊的语言现象:“There be+V-ing+名词”和“There be+V-ed+名词”,如何解释这种表达句式?讨论这个问题,我觉得比较有意义。  

这个问题,我早就注意到了(确切地说,应该在30年前吧)。在这里先声明一下,我没参考任何他人的观点,也没读到过这方面的文章。以下纯属个人看法,欢迎批评。  

英语中的 There,除了表示地点“在那里”外,还有一个非常重要的用法,就是:充当引导词的角色,同时,引起句子结构上的倒装。具体表现在:  

1. There be 存在句:――最原始最典型的倒装    

谈到倒装句,人们都不陌生,认为它是一个很重要的句式。其实,在一个人刚刚开始学英语的时候,就已经学到了真正意义上的倒装句:There be 句型。  

There is a book on the desk. 去掉引导词 There,原来的倒装句则变成:A book is on the desk.  

What is there on the desk? 实际等于说:What is on the desk?  

There be是倒装句,表存在,不必细说。  

2. There + 不及物动词 + 主语:――最常见的倒装    

There lived an man in the forest long ago. 很久以前,森林中住着一位老人。  

There stands a temple on the top of the mountain. 山顶上有一座庙。  

There goes the bell. Let’s have our class. 铃声响了,我们上课吧。  

最后一句 There goes the bell. There 除了引起句子结构的倒装外,还提醒听者注意。  

3. There + be + 过去分词 + 主语” 和“There + be + 过去分词 + 主语”――最特殊的倒装    

There + be + 过去分词 + 主语”,其实是被动语态的变式,去掉引导词 There,还原本来面目。现在,我直接使用网友的句子为例:  

There are now published millions of books very year in   China  .   

等于:Millions of books are now published very year in China.  

On the following day, there was held a splendid banquet.  

等于:On the following day, a splendid banquet was held.  

There was shown at the exhibition an electronic computer made in   Shanghai  .  

等于:An electronic computer made in Shanghai was shown at the exhibition.  

There + be + 现在分词 + 主语”,其实是不及物动词进行时态的变式,去掉引导词There,还原本来面目。现在,我直接使用网友的句子为例:  

There were running in the garden a group of children aged from seven to twelve.  

等于:A group of children aged from seven to twelve were running in the garden.  

【我的观点】任何事物的出现都是有原因的,语言现象亦然。我认为,there 的上述用法,体现了语言的3个方面。概括起来,不外乎以下几个原因:  

1. 语用方面:There 置于句首,具有提示、提醒作用。如:There goes the bell. Let’s have our class.  

2. 修辞方面:There 置于句首,旨在使句子匀称。如:There was shown at the exhibition an electronic computer made in Shanghai.   

若说:An electronic computer made in Shanghai was shown at the exhibition. 会显得头重脚轻。  

3. 语法方面:There 置于句首,改变句子的正常结构。去掉引导词 There 之后,变成正常语序,以上三种情况的例句,分别为:  

(1) There is a book on the desk. A book is on the desk.  

(2) There lived an old man in the forest long ago. An old man lived in the forest long ago.  

(3) There are now published millions of books very year in   China  . Millions of books are now published very year in China.  

【说明】There置于句首,如果没有实际词汇意义,往往引起句子结构的倒装。如果有实际词汇意义(“在那里”),则不然。试比较:  

There stands a temple on the top of the mountain. (There 没有实际意义)  

There I saw my old friend Tom. (There表示“在那里”)