一、概述
介词是一种虚词,不能单独用作句子成分,通常用于名词或代词(以及相当于名词的其他词语)之前,表示其后词语与句中其他词语之间的关系。英语介词从结构上可分为简单介词(如about)、合成介词(如inside)、分词介词(如including)和短语介词(如instead of)等。
英语中有两类词必须带宾语,一类是及物动词,另一类是介词。介词的宾语通常是名词或代词,若需动词作宾语,则通常用动名词形式。如:
She is interested in acting. 她对演戏有兴趣。
How about going for a walk? 出去散散步如何?
After swimming I felt cold. 游完泳我感到冷。
Thank you so much for coming. 非常感谢你来这里。
中考英语对介词的考查主要涉及常用介词的用法区别以及常用介词与其他词类的搭配问题。
二、考点归纳
考点1 考查时间名词前介词的用法
英语中可用于时间名词前的介词有不少,但中考主要考查at, on, in这个三个介词的用法。
1. 介词at主要表示在某一时刻或某一时间点。如:
I get up at 6:00 every day. 我每天6点起床。
另外,注意以下搭配:at daybreak(在黎明)、at noon(在中午)、at night(在夜间)、at Christmas(在圣诞节期间)、at the age of five(在五岁时),等。
2. 介词on主要表示在具体某一天或某天的上午、下午或晚上。如:
We don’t have classes on Sunday. 星期天我们不上课。
He came back on a rainy night. 他是在一个雨夜回来的。
He left on Monday morning. 他是星期一上午离开的。
3. 介词in主要表示在某世纪、某年、某季度、某月、某周等,以及用于泛指的上午、下午、晚上。如:
What do you do in the evening? 你晚上一般做什么?
She started school in 1985. 她1985年开始上学。
It’s wonderful to go skiing in summer. 夏天滑雪绝妙无比。
The bridge was built in the 17th century. 这座桥是17世纪建造的。
The 2nd World War broke out in September, 1939. 第二次世界大战爆发于1939年9月。
【考例1】Einstein, the famous scientist, was born ________ March, 1897. (北京中考题)
A. at B. on C. in D. to
【分析】答案选C。表示在某个月,用介词in。又如:I’ll be on holiday in August. 我将在8月度假。但是,如果表示在某个月的几号,则要用介词on。如:The meeting is held on May 3rd. 会议于5月3日举行。
【考例2】―A new baby came to the earth ________ a sunny winter morning.
―How nice! (新疆阜康中考题)
A. in B. on C. of D. at
【分析】答案选B。表示在某一天的上午、下午或晚上,其前用介词on。又如:He suddenly fell ill on that morning. 就在那天上午他突然病倒了。
考点2 考查地点名词前介词的用法
英语中可用于时间名词前的介词也有不少,如in, on, at, above, under, over, beside, near, around等,但综观历年中考英语考题,主要考查最多的只有at, on, in等少数几个常用介词。具体使用时注意以下几点:
1. at指较小的地方,如车站、家等;in多指在较大地方,如国家、城市、大洲等;而on则主要表示在表面。如:
Please wait for me at the bus station. 请在公共汽车站等我。
The plane will arrive in Beijing at 13:00. 飞机将于13点到达北京。
Don’t put the book on the table. 不要把书放在桌子上。
2. 另外,注意表示方位的介词in, to, on――in表示在某地范围之内;to表示在某地范围之外;on表示与某地相邻或接壤,或表示位于某河畔或湖畔。如:
【考例1】Let’s play table tennis ________ Tuesday morning, shall we? (河北中考题)
A. on B. in C. to D. at
【分析】答案选A。表示在具体某一天的上午、下午或晚上,其前用介词on。又如:You should come on Monday morning. 你应该在星期一上午来。
【考例2】Do you know that Fujian is ________ the west of Taiwan? (福建莆田中考题)
A. to B. in C. on D. at
【分析】答案选A。由于“福建”与“台湾”没有包含关系,所以不能in。它们隔台湾海峡相望,两者之间有一段距离,故用to。
考点3 考查介词与名词的固定搭配
英语中由介词与名词构成的固定搭配很多,请看以下几个考例:
【考例1】―Is it polite to speak and laugh loudly ________?
―No, I don’t think so. (山西中考题)
A. in public B. at least C. on time D. in time
【分析】答案选A。in public的意思是“在公众场合”,at least的意思是“至少”,on time的意思是“准时”,in time的意思是“及时”。比较四个选项,显然只有A最符合语境。
【考例2】Mary lived near her school, so she went to school ________ foot. (湖南湘西中考题)
A. on B. by C. with D. for
【分析】答案选A。表示“步行”,英语习惯上说on foot。又如:It’s not very far, so we may as well go on foot. 那地方不太远,所以我们还是走着去吧。
考点4 考查介词与形容词的固定搭配
英语中由介词与形容词构成的固定搭配也很多,请看以下几个考例:
【考例1】The food ________ my country is quite different ________ that here. (广州中考题)
A. in; like B. to; from C. from; to D. in; from
【分析】答案选D。第一空填in,表示地点,the food in our country的意思是“我们国家的食物”;第二空填from,是因为形容词different后习惯上接介词from,表示“与……不同”。又如:City life is very different from country life. 城市生活与农村生活很不相同。
【考例2】You can find a way to reach your goals when you are proud ________ yourself and stand tall like a sunflower. (哈尔滨中考题)
A. on B. from C. of (www.yygrammar.com)
【分析】答案选C。be proud of为固定搭配,其意为“为……自豪”。又如:She was very proud of her son. 她很为儿子骄傲。The English are proud of their history. 英国人以自己的历史而自豪。
考点5 考查介词与动词的固定搭配
英语中由介词与名词构成的固定搭配也不少,请看以下几个考例:
【考例1】What would you like to do ________ such a bad boy? (贵州安顺中考题)
A. with B. on C. at D. in
【分析】答案选A。do with为固定搭配,意为“处置”“处理”“对付”等,通常与疑问词what连用。又如:What shall I do with it? 怎样处置它好呢?
【考例2】―Susan, I’d like you to help me ________ my math.
―With pleasure. (湖南益阳中考题)
A. for B. in C. with
【分析】答案选C。help sb with sth为固定搭配,意为“帮助某人做某事”。又如:Please help me with this luggage. 请帮我搬这行李。Please help me with this maths problem.请帮我解答这道数学题。
考点5 考查常用短语介词的用法
初中英语所学的短语介词不多,值得注意的有以下一些:
as for 至于 as to 至于
because of 因为 instead of 代替,而不
according to 根据 near to 在……的附近
next to 紧挨着,紧次于 thanks to 多亏,由于
in case of 如果,万一,以防 in front of 在…前面
in need of 需要 in place of 代替(www.yygrammar.com)
in search of 寻找,搜找 in return for 作为……的报答
【考例】―________ the heavy rain, we didn’t go camping last Sunday.
―What a pity! (山东威海中考题)
A. Thanks to B. Because of C. Instead of D. As for
【分析】答案选B。四个复合介词的意思分别为:thanks to=多亏;because of=因为;instead of=而不是;as for=至于。比较四个选项的意思,显然只有B最符合句意。
考点6 在特定语境中考查介词的用法
在特定语境中考查介词用法时,考生一定要注意体会句子上下文的语境,尤其是抓住考题中的关键词,然后联系所给选项,从中选出最符合句意的答案来。
【考例1】―Can you see some people are waiting ________ the library?
―Yes, They are standing in a queue in front of its gate. (四川成都中考题)
A. around B. inside C. outside D. under
【分析】答案选C。根据对话中They are standing in a queue in front of its gate(他们在大门前排起了长队)可知,他们是在“外面”等,故选C。
【考例2】―It is said that a new zoo will be built in our town.
―I’m ________ it. Zoos are terrible for animals. (湖北宜昌中考题)
A. through B. besides C. against D. except
【分析】答案选C。根据对话中的Zoos are terrible for animals(动物园对动物来说太可怕了)可知,说话者反对建动物园,故选C。介词against的意思是“反对”,又如:Are you for it or against it? 你是赞成还是反对?
三、易错陷阱
陷阱1 误用不该用的介词
误用不该用的介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词,也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错等。如:
我看见她进了银行。
误:I saw her enter into the bank.
正:I saw her enter the bank.
他同一位护士结了婚。
误:He married with [to] a nurse.
正:He married a nurse. (www.yygrammar.com)
陷阱2 漏误用必用的介词
漏用必用的介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词,或是受相关结构的影响而漏用等。如:
他的话值得一听。
误:What he says is worth listening.
正:What he said is worth listening to.
他喝了一口茶,又接着讲故事。
误:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正:He took a cup of tea, and went on with the story.
陷阱3 错用不合习惯的介词
错用介词的情况比较复杂,可能是受汉语意思的影响而错,也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错,可能是混淆用法而错,也可能是受相关结构的影响而错,可能是忽略语境而错,也可能是想当然地用错。如:
吃点水果吧。
误:Help yourself with the fruit.
正:Help yourself to the fruit.
太阳从东方升起。
误:The sun rises from the east.
正:The sun rises in the east.
在他的帮助下,我及时做完了。
误:Under his help, I finished it in time.
正:With his help, I finished it in time. (www.yygrammar.com)
他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
误:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.
陷阱4 用错介词后动词的形式
按英语习惯,介词后接动词作宾语时,动词通常要用动名词,不用不定式或动词原形。如:
He makes a living by teaching. 他以教书为生。
She is quick at learning languages. 她学语言学得很快。
In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
当表示“除……外”的介词but和except后接动词时,要用不定式(有时带to,有时不带to)。如:
Nothing remains but to die. 除了死没有别的办法。
He will do anything except cook. 他什么都愿做,就是不愿做饭。
It had no effect except to make him angry. 这除了使他生气没有别的作用。
陷阱5 忽略介词的有关搭配
介词是英语中搭配能力很强的一类词,其中有些搭配非常有用,而且也常常是中考英语的考点,如“with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构就非常值得注意。如:
He often sleeps with the windows open. 他常开着窗睡觉。
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。
She said good-bye with tears in her eyes. 她含着眼泪说了声再见。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash. 有这么多盘子要洗,我不能出去。
又如:by doing sth(通过做某事)也是一个很有用的表达。如:
He makes a living by teaching. 他以教书为生。
He began by telling us a story. 他先给我讲了个故事。
Lock this door by turning the key twice to the left. 锁这扇门要把钥匙向左转两圈。
四、即学即练
选择最佳答案填空:
1. ―When did your uncle arrive ________
―He got to
A. at; in B. in; in C. to; on D. in; on
2. Look, Tina is waiting ________ the bus stop.
A. for B. at C. in D. to
3. Tom told me his parents had arrived ________
A. at B. on C. in D. to
4.
A. at B. on C. in D. by
5. ―When is Henry’s birthday party, Lynn?
―The 18th, ________ about there o’clock in the afternoon.
A. in B. at C. on D. to
6. Mr. Lin gave the textbooks to all the students ________ the ones who had already taken them.
A. except B. including C. among D. with
7. ―Why are you standing there, Maggie?
―I can’t see the blackboard clearly. Two tall boys are sitting ________ me.
A. behind B. in front of C. beside D. next to
8. ―It’s very important ________ us to make a plan before a new term.
―Yes. You must try to make it carefully.
A. of B. for C. to
【答案点拨】
1. 答案选D。表示到达一个较大的地方,arrive后接介词in;表示到达一个较小的地方,arrive后接介词at,由于China是一个大地方,故第一空填in;表示在某一天的上午、下午或晚上,其前用介词on。
2. 答案选B。表示在某一个小地方,一般用介词at。又如:Will you meet her at the station? 你到车站去接她吗?注意不要以为是考查wait for结构而误选A,因为wait for the bus stop(等候停车站)在意思上不合逻辑。
3. 答案选C。按英语习惯,表示到达一个较大的地方,arrive后接介词in;表示到达一个较小的地方,arrive后接介词at,由于Beijing是一个大地方,故填in。
4. 答案选C。表示在某一年,英语要用介词in。又如:I got to know him in 1995. 我是1995年认识他的。
5. 答案选B。表示在几点钟,用介词at。又如:We had tea and cakes at 5 o’clock. 我们在5点钟吃茶点。I usually go to school at 9 o’clock but yesterday I went early. 我平常9点上学,不过昨天去得很早。
6. 答案选A。句中the ones who had already taken them的意思是“那些已经拿了书的人”。从常识上看,老师不应该把书发给那些已经拿了书的学生,所以空格处应填except(除……之外)最佳。
7. 答案选B。对话语境告诉我们:说话者说他不看见黑板,这说明这两个高个子男孩是坐在他的“前面”,所以要选in front of。
8. 答案选B。考查for sb to do sth结构。在英语中,当要引出不定式的逻辑主语时,一般用介词for。又如:This box is too heavy for me to lift. 这个箱子太重我提不起。This made it hard for me to control myself. 这使我难于控制自己。
9. 答案选B。此题考查between…and…(在……和……之间)这一搭配。句意为:我想它要花15到20美元。
10. 答案选A。表示在具体的某一天,常用介词on。又如:He was born on May 15, 1988. 他出生于1988年5月15日。
11. 答案为D。此题考查介词与动词的搭配:work on“从事,致力于”,take on“开始雇用,承担”,keep on“继续”,depend on“依靠,依赖”。根据句意,选项D符合题意。
12. 答案为C。从所给的语境我们可知下句是对上句的肯定,在四个选项中be good at最符合题意。答案选C。
13. 答案为D。此题考查介词与名词搭配,at the beginning意为“开始,起初”。
14. 答案为D。此题容易误选A,因为我们学过be different from(与……不同)这个词组,但用在这儿不适合。此题的正确选项是D,in size意为“在尺寸方面”,全句意为:这些外套在尺寸上不同。
15. 答案为D。第一空填for,表示“对于”;第二空填with,因为表示同意某人的看法,动词agree后习惯上与介词with搭配。又如:I quite agree with you. 我完全同意你的意见。We agree with what you say. 我们同意你说的。
16. 答案选B。by doing sth表示方式,意为“通过做……”。又如:She finds that she can lose weight just by eating less. 她发觉她可以用节食的办法减轻体重。Students gain useful knowledge by taking a computer course. 学生上电脑课可以学到有用的知识。