一、概述
连词是用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子的词,它们在句子中不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子,如and, but, or, for等;从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等),另外还有引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether等。(本章主要讲述并列连词的用法,有关从属连词的用法请参见相关从句的章节)
中考英语对连词的考查涉及面比较广,其中and, but, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等都有可能成为命题考点。
二、考点归纳
考点1 考查并列连词and的用法
and用作并列连词,用法较多,主要重要的用法如下:
1. 用于两个意思一致的或连贯的词或短语,意为“和”“又”“而且”“然后”。如:
He is able to read and write. 他能读又能写。
They sang and danced all night. 他们通宵唱歌跳舞。
She came in and sat down. 她进来以后就坐下了。
2. 用于连接两个相同的词语,表示连续性。如:
The train ran faster and faster. 火车开得越来越快。
The boys laughed and laughed. 这些孩子笑个不停。
3. 在口语中用在 come, go, run, stay, stop, try 等之后表示目的,大致相当于不定式符号 to。如:
Come and have tea with me. 过来跟我一起喝杯茶。
We ought to stop and think. 我们应该停下来想一想。
4. 用在祈使句后表示结果,意为“那么”。如:
Work hard and you will pass your examinations. 你若用功,考试就能及格。
Have a bath and a rest and you’ll feel better. 洗个澡,休息一下,你就会觉得好些。
【考例1】Linda tried to become an excellent teacher, ________ at last she succeeded. (安徽中考题)
A. so B. or C. but D. and
【分析】答案选D。因句子前后既不是因果关系,也不是选择关系,更不是转折关系,故可依次排除A、B、C。
【考例2】Help others whenever you can ________ you’ll make the world a nicer place to live. (江西中考题)
A. and B. or C. unless D. but
【分析】答案选A。此题考查“祈使句+and / or+简单句”这一句式,由于前后句子意思是一致的,并没有转折,故用and,不用or。
考点2 考查并列连词but的用法
并列连词but主要用于表示转折。如:
He is small but strong. 他虽矮小,但很结实。
There’s a bus coming, but it’s full. 有一辆公共汽车来了,不过车中坐满了人。
Jim speaks Spanish, but his wife speaks French. 吉姆会讲西班牙语,而他妻子会讲法语。
【考例1】―Would you like to go to the concert with us tonight?
―I’d love to, ________ I can’t. I have a lot of homework to do. (江苏宿迁中考题)
A. and B. but C. so D. or
【分析】答案选B。前面说“我很想去”,后面又说“我不能去”,显然前后为转折关系,故填but。
【考例2】Money is important ________ it’s not the most important thing. (北京中考题)
A. and B. but C. or D. so
【分析】答案选B。前面说“钱很重要”,后面又说“钱不是最重要的”,可见句子前后存在转折关系,故选表示转折的连词but。
考点3 考查并列连词so的用法
并列连词so主要用于表结果,即用于表示它所连接的两个句子之间有因果关系。如:
The rain began to fall, so we went home. 雨开始下起来,于是我们回家了。
He couldn’t find his pen, so he wrote in pencil. 他找不着钢笔,所以他用铅笔写。
That was a difficult question, so I answered it last. 那是一个难题,所以我最后才回答。
【考例】Mom, my classmates are waiting outside, ________ I must go now. (山东威海中考题)
A. or B. but C. so D. though
【分析】答案选C。由于“同学在外面等着”与“我必须马上走”之间存在因果关系,故填so(所以)。又如:He couldn’t find his pen, so he wrote in pencil. 他找不着钢笔,所以他用铅笔写。
考点4 考查并列连词or的用法
并列连词or主要有两个以下用法:
1. 表示选择,意为“或”“还是”。如:
Shall we walk or take a bus? 我们走着去还是乘公共汽车?
It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? 宝宝真可爱,是男孩还是女孩?
He speaks French, or perhaps he understands it. 他会讲法语。或者他懂法语。
2. 表示一种否定的条件,相当于if not,意为“如果不……”“否则”。如:
Get up or you’ll be late for school. 起床吧,否则你上学会迟到了。
Hurry up, or you’ll miss the last bus. 快点,要不你会赶不上最后一班车。
第一句的or相当于if you don’t get up now,第二句的or相当于if you don’t hurry up。此时的or也可换成or else或otherwise。
【考例】Listen to me carefully, ________ you don’t know how to do it. (湖南永州中考题)
A. and B. or C. but D. so(www.yygrammar.com)
【分析】答案选B。or在此表示一个否定的条件上,相当于if you don’t listen to me carefully(如果你不仔细听我讲)。
考点5 考查both…and的搭配与用法
并列连词both…and…的意思是“……和……都”“不但……而且……”“既……又……”,用于肯定两者。如:
She both speaks and writes Japanese. 她不仅会说日语,而且还会写。
He spoke with both kindness and understanding. 他说话既亲切又明事理。
作为关联并列连词,它通常应连接两个相同性质的句子成分,但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。另外,若连接两个成分作主语时,谓语要用复数。如:
Both she and Sophia were pleased with the girl. 她和索菲娅都喜欢这姑娘。
【考例】________ Tom ________ Mary speaks good Chinese, so they can communicate with these Chinese students very well. (甘肃兰州中考题)
A. Neither, nor B. Not only, but also C. Both, and D. Either, or
【分析】答案选B。此题虽然答案不是both…and…,但它在句子中具有很强的干扰作用,因为它在意思上与not only…but also…差不多。要想排除选项C,首先要抓住关键词speaks,因为both…and…连接两个成分作主语时,谓语动词要用复数,而其后的动词speak用的却是单数第三人称形式,故可排除C;再根据句子中的so可知,前后句子为因果关系,而选A和D会使句意不通,故也可排除。
考点6 考查not only…but also的搭配与用法
关于not only…but also…的用法,应注意以下几点:
(1) 注意结构形式,其中的also有时也可省略,或换成too或as well置于句末。如:
He not only washed the car, but polished it too [as well]. 他不仅冲洗汽车,而且还擦拭了它。
(2) 用于连接两个成分作主语时,其后谓语动词的数通常应与最靠近的主语保持一致。如:
Not only you but also I am hungry. 不只你,我也饿了呢。
Not only the students but also their teacher likes to read the book. 不仅学生喜欢看这本书, 而且他们的老师也喜欢看。
【考例】―What do you like doing after class?
―I like not only reading ________ painting. (广州中考题)
A. and B. but also C. or D. for
【分析】答案选B。根据前面的not only可知,后面应填but also,构成not only…but also…结构,其意为“不但……而且……”。又如:He works not only on weekdays but also on Sundays. 他不仅平时工作,星期日也工作。
考点7 考查neither…nor的搭配与用法
neither…nor…的意思是“既不……也不……”“……和……都不”,用于否定两者。如:
He neither wrote nor phoned. 他既没写信又没打电话。
He gave neither name nor address. 他既没有留下姓名,也没有留下地址。
She neither said thank-you nor looked at me. 她既没说“谢谢你”,也没看我一眼。
该结构通常应连接两个相同性质的句子成分,但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。若连接两个成分作主语,其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致。如:
Mary neither likes maths nor (likes) history. 玛丽既不喜欢数学也不喜欢历史。
Neither Jim and Jack was at home. 吉姆和杰克都不在家。
【考例】________ Lucy ________ Lily may go dancing with you, because they are not allowed to go out on school nights. (湖北恩施中考题)
A. Either; or B. Neither; nor C. Both; and D. Not only; but also
【分析】答案选B。根据后面的because they are not allowed to go out on school nights(因为她们两人都不准在上课时的晚上出去)可知,Lucy和Lily都不能去,两者均被否定,故选neither…nor…最佳。
考点8 考查either…or的搭配与用法
either…or…的意思是“要么……要么……”“或者……或者……”,用于肯定其中的一者,而否定其中的另一者。如:
You must either go at once or wait till tomorrow. 你要么马上走,要么等到明天。
You can either come with me now or walk home. 你要么现在跟我来,要么步行回家。
通常应连接两个相同性质的句子成分,但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。若连接两个成分作主语,其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致。如:
You can either have tea or coffee. 你喝茶也行,喝咖啡也行。
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错,就是我错。
三、易错陷阱
陷阱1 误用because…so…结构
有的同学由于用汉语的“因为……所以”的影响而将误用because…so…这一错误结构。由于because为从属连用,用以引导原因状语从句,而so为并列连词,用于连词两个简单句使之成为并列句,它们是两个性质完全不同的连词,习惯上不能搭配使用。如:
明天我得工作一整天,所以我没有时间去买东西。
误:Because I’m going to be working all day tomorrow, so I won’t have time to shop.
正:I’m going to be working all day tomorrow, so I won’t have time to shop.
正:Because I’m going to be working all day tomorrow, I won’t have time to shop.(www.yygrammar.com)
陷阱2 误用although…but…结构
与上面的情况相似,有的同学由于用汉语的“虽然……但是”的影响而将误用although…but…或though…but…这类错误结构。由于although / though为从属连用,用以引导让步状语从句,而but为并列连词,用于连词两个简单句使之成为并列句,它们是两个性质完全不同的连词,习惯上不能搭配使用。如:
虽然这辆自行车很贵,她还是决定买了。
误:Although the bicycle was expensive, but she decided to buy it.
正:Although the bicycle was expensive, she decided to buy it.
正:The bicycle was expensive, but she decided to buy it.
【考例】________ Switzerland is very small, ________ it is the land of watch and it is very rich. (湖北孝感中考题)
A. Though; but B. Because; so C. Because; 不填 D. Though; 不填
【分析】答案选D。此题很容易受汉语意思影响而误选A,不过此句也可说成:Switzerland is very small, but it is the land of watch and it is very rich.
【训练吧】
选择最佳答案填空:
1. Mr. Thin was very poor, ________ he was very happy.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
2. ―How do you like songs sung by Liu Huan?
―They are wonderful, ________ I can’t hear his words clearly sometimes.
A. but B. so C. because D. if
3. Study hard, ________ you’ll catch up with your friends.
A. and B. but C. or D. yet
4. Hurry up, ________ you’ll miss the school bus. (www.yygrammar.com)
A. or B. and C. but D. so
5. His hobby is ________ watching TV ________ playing the piano. It’s reading books.
A. either; or B. both; and C. neither; nor D. not only; but also
6. ―When are you going to
―I haven’t decided. ________ Wednesday ________ Friday is OK.
A. Both; and B. Neither; nor C. Either; or D. Not only; but also
7. ________
A. Though; but B. Because; so C. Because; 不填 D. Though; 不填
8. It’s getting late, ________ we have to get up early next morning.
A. so B. but C. or D. and
9. ________ he ________ she have been to
A. Both; and B. Neither; nor C. Either; or D. Not only; but also
10. ―Be careful, ________ you will make mistakes in your exams.
―I know that, Mum. One can never be too careful.(www.yygrammar.com)
A. and B. or C. nor D. but
【答案点拨吧】
1. 答案选B。前面说“很穷”,后面说“很幸福”,两者之间为转折关系,故选but。
2. 答案选A。前面说“它们很精彩”,后面又说“我有时听不清歌词”,显然前后之间存在转折,故填but。
3. 答案选A。通读全句,我们可以发现“努力学习”与“赶上朋友”之间存在因果关系,而跟在祈使句后面表示结果的连词是and。
4. 答案选A。此题考查or表示否定条件的用法,or在此相当于if not,即if you don’t hurry。又如:Get up or you’ll be late for school. 起床吧,否则你上学会迟到了。
5. 答案选C。前面提到的是watching TV(看电视)和playing the piano(弹钢琴),而后面又说it’s reading books(是看书),这说明说话者的爱好既不是“看电视”,也不是“弹钢琴”,故选C。
6. 答案选C。根据所提供的语境,因没有确定去度假的具体时间,所以在星期三或者星期五去都行。表示选择用either…or…,意为“或者……或者……”,所以选C。用both…and连接的主语,谓语动词应用复数,而此处是单数is,排除A;neither…nor…“既不……也不”,not only…but also…“不但……而且……”不符合题意。
7. 答案选D。根据英语习惯,不能使用Though…but和Because…so这样的句式,故可排除A和B;而C和D虽然结构上没问题,但从句意来看,只有D最合适。
8. 答案为D。因空格前后既非因果关系(排除A项),也非转折关系(排除B项)、又无选择关系(排除C项),故答案为D。句意为:已经很晚了,明天我们得早起呢。
9. 答案选A。由句子的谓语have been to可知主语是由并列连词both...and...连接的并列主语。
10. B。考查“祈使句+or+陈述句”结构,其中的or在意义上相当于if引导的含有否定意义的条件状语从句,其中的or相当于if you don’t’ be careful。句意为:细心点,否则你会在考试中犯错的。