一、概述
英语有两种语态,即主动语态和被动语态。决定动词用主动语态还是被动语态主要看动词和主语的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者,也就是说它们是主动关系,此时动词用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,也就是说它们是被动关系,此时动词则用被动语态。英语的被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成,其中be有时态、人称和数的变化。如:
Who will be invited? 将要邀请谁?
The wounded man was carried away. 受伤的人被抬走了。
被动语态是中考英语一个比较重要的考点。考查的重点是要求考生根据所给语境判断句子该用主动语态还是被动语态,这类考题通常还会与时态结合起来考查。有时也会综合考查其他知识,如主谓一致、情态动词用法等。
二、考点归纳
考点1 结合语境考查被动语态的使用
在特定语境中考查被动语态的用法是被动语态考点最可能的命题切入点。同学们在做题一定要根据句子意思(有时要结合自己的生活常识)分析一下句子主语与谓语动词之间是什么关系:是主动关系,用主动语态;是被动关系,用被动语态。
【考例1】―Can you tell me where the students of Class2 are?
―They ________ reading the book on Scientific Outlook on Development just now. (湖北宜昌中考题)
A. will find B. have found C. were found D. found
【分析】答案选C。根据句意可知,“他们(指学生)”与“发现”之间为被动关系,即问话者在找二班的学生,而答话者则告诉他“这些学生被发现刚才还在做某事”,所以可先排除A、B、D(因为它们都是主动语态)。
【考例2】―What a beautiful factory! I want to work in it.
―Well, workers ________ very much here. (湖北孝感中考题)
A. need B. are needing C. are needed D. will need
【分析】答案选C。我们可以说“工作需要工人”,但如果把“工人”作主语,那就应该用被动语态,即“工人”被工厂所需要,由此可推知A、B、D均不合适,因为它们是主动语态。
考点2 将语态与时态结合进行考查
将被动语态的用法与时态内容结合起来考查是被动语态考点最可能命题形式。同学们在做这类题时可分两步走:第一步,根据语境判断是用主动语态还是被动语态;第二步,根据句中的时间状语或其他体现时间关系的关键词确定该用什么时态。
【考例1】The sick boy ________ to hospital by the police yesterday. (北京中考题)
A. is taken B. was taken C. takes D. took
【分析】答案选B。根据常识可知,有病的人应该是“被送”去医院,所以空格处应填被动语态,故可排除表示主动意义的C和D;再根据句中的yesterday可知,句子应用一般过去时,而不是一般现在时,故选B不选A。
【考例2】―Why did you leave your city last year?
―Because I ________ a new job in another city. (四川成都中考题)
A. offered B. am offered C. was offered D. had offered
【分析】答案选C。offer的意思是“提供”,说话者离开了自己的城市,是因为“被”别人提供了一份新的工作,而不是“提供”给别人新的工作,所以空格处应用被动语,故可排除A和D;又因为说话者去年就离开了,所以“被”提供工作也应该是去年的事,故用一般过去时。
考点3 将语态与情态动词结合进行考查
被动语态与情态动词连用时的基本结构形式是“情态动词+be+过去分词”。如:
This can be discussed later. 这可以以后再讨论。
This man should be cast into prison. 这人应投入监牢。
The work must be done in an hour. 这项工作必须在一小时内干完。
Unless you wear boots you may be bitted by snakes. 若不穿靴子你可能被蛇咬。
【考例1】Don’t put off today’s work for tomorrow. I mean, today’s work ________ today. (河北中考题)
A. may do B. must do C. may be done D. must be done
【分析】答案选D。由于“工作”与“做”之间为被动关系,故可先排除A和B;再根据Don’t put off today’s work for tomorrow(不要把今天的工作拖到明天)可知,选项D的意思比选项C的意思更符合句子语境。比较:may be done=可以被做,must be done=必须被做。
【考例2】―There is a lot of wind in North China.
―Well, more trees ________ every year to stop the wind. (四川自贡中考题)
A. must be planted B. can planted
C. should planted D. must plant(www.yygrammar.com)
【分析】答案选A。首选应排除B和C,因为情态动词后不能直接跟过去分词;根据句意可知,“树”与“种”之间为被动关系,即“树”被“种”,所以应选被动语态,即选A。
考点4 考查特殊句式中的被动语态
在有些特殊句式中,虽然表面上看它是被动语态,但其实不是――它们要么已变成系表结构,要么已构成固定搭配,有其自己的特殊意思和用法。如:
She was married to a rich man. 她同一位有钱人结了婚。
句中的was married虽为被动形式,但已不是被动语态,而是系表结构,即其中的married已转化为形容词,在句中用作表语。
They are supposed to arrive before dark. 他们应该在天黑前到。
句中的are supposed虽为被动形式,也不是被动语态,are supposed to为固定搭配,意为“应该”。
He is used to looking after himself. 他已习惯于自己照顾自己。
句中的is used 虽为被动形式,也不是被动语态,be used to为固定搭配,意为“习惯于”。
【考例1】Students are ________ to speak loudly in the reading room. (吉林通化中考题)
A. told B. supposed C. not supposed D. allowed(www.yygrammar.com)
【分析】答案选C。be supposed to虽然形式为被动语态,但其实不是,它是英语中的固定表达,其意为“应该”,又如:You’re supposed to be working. 你现在应当在工作。He is supposed to arrive on the five o’clock train. 他应该坐五点钟的火车到。
【考例2】Her son ________ Coke, but now he ________ milk. (湖北恩施中考题)
A. used to drink; is used to drinking B. used to drinking; drinks
C. is used to drinking; used to drink D. is used to drink; is drinking
【分析】答案选A。used to的意思是“过去常常”,如:We used to play golf together. 我们过去常在一起打高尔夫球。be used to虽然形式上为被动语态,但事实上不是,它是一个固定表达,其意为“习惯于”,如:I’m used to getting up early. 我习惯早起。I’m used to this kind of life. 我已习惯于这样的生活。
考点5 综合考查语态与其他知识
有时被动语态考点可能会与其他相关知识混在一起进行综合考查。
【考例】A large number of engineers ________ to Africa by our government to help the people there every year. (山西中考题)
A. have sent B. will send C. are sent D. is sent
【分析】答案选C。由于“工程师”与“派往非洲”之间为被动关系,即工程师“被”派往非洲,所以可先排除表示主动意义的A和B;又由于当a large number of…作主语时,句子谓语要用复数,不用单数,所以选C不选D。
三、易错陷阱
陷阱1 用错被动语态的时态
前面我们讲到,将被动语态的用法与时态内容结合起来考查是被动语态考点最可能命题形式。那么如何理解被动语态的时态呢?首先,大家要明确被动语态的构成方法是“be+过去分词”;其次,要知道被动语态的时态是通过其中的助动词be来体现的,与其后的过去分词无关。如:
English is taught in most schools. 大多数学校都教英语。
这是一般现在时的被动语态,因为其中的be用的是一般现在时 is。
She was asked to sing a song. 大家要求她唱一支歌。
这是一般过去时的被动语态,因为其中的be用的是一般过去时 was。
Some of us will be asked to speak at the meeting. 我们有些人将被邀在会上发言。
这是一般将来时的被动语态,因为其中的be用的是一般将来时 will be。
All the tickets have been sold out. 票已售完。
这是现在完成时的被动语态,因为其中的be用的是现在完成时have been。
陷阱2 漏掉被动语态中的不定式符号to
根据英语语法规则,当不定式用于某些动词后作宾语补足语时,习惯上要将不定式符号to省略;但是,若此时将谓语动词变为被动语态,则其后的不定式不能省略to。比较:
Someone saw him enter the office. 有人看见他进了办公室。
He was seen to enter the office. 有人看见他进了办公室。
The boss made him work twenty hours a day. 老板要他一天工作20小时
He was made to work twenty hours a day. 他被迫一天工作20小时。
陷阱3 将连系动词误用于被动语态
英语中有些连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste等),虽然它们从汉语看来需要用被动语态,但它们总是用主动表式表示被动意义,因为连系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。如:
那只狗看起来很危险。
误:That dog is looked dangerous.
正:That dog looks dangerous.
你的想法听起来很好。
误:Your idea is sounded a good one.
正:Your idea sounds a good one.
陷阱4 根据汉语意思误用被动语态
因为不及物动词没有宾语,所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语,故不能用于被动语态。但是值得注意的是,有些英语中的不及物动词,译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的,很容易出错,这类动词如:take place(发生),happen(发生),come about(发生),break out(爆发),appear(出现),disappear(消失),last(持续)等。如
在最近10年我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
误:Great changes have been taken place in my home town in the past ten years.
正:Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.
类似地,动词happen也有类似用法。如:
事故什么时候发生的?
误:When was the accident happened?
正:When did the accident happen?(www.yygrammar.com)
【跟踪训练】
选择最佳答案填空:
1. I ________ to get there before seven tomorrow, so I’ll have to get up early.
A. told B. have told C. will tell D. was told
2. Don’t worry. All the children ________ by the nurses.
A. are well taken care of B. take good care of
C. are taken good care D. take good care
3. ―Hi, Jack. Did you go to Jim’s birthday party?
―No, I felt so sad. I ________.
A. didn’t invite B. wasn’t invited C. am not invited D. hadn’t invited
4. Usually John ________ to school in his father’s beautiful car.
A. has taken B. is taking C. is taken D. has been taken
5. ―Do you have any problems if you ________ this job?
―Well, I’m thinking about the working day.
A. offer B. will offer C. are offered D. will be offered
6. ―It’s difficult for the village children to cross the river for school.
―I think a bridge ________ over the river.
A. was built B. is being built C. has been built D. should be built
7. The Chinese mainland pandas, Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan, ________ to
A. sent B. were sending C. had sent D. were sent
8. ―Look, what an old palace! It looks so great!
―Yeah, it ________ nearly 800 years ago.
A. was building B. was built C. has built D. is built
9. Don’t discuss the problems with your partner unless you ________ to do so.
A. ask B. are asked C. will ask D. will be asked
10. ―Do you know the result of the competition?
―No. It ________.
A. hasn’t announced B. hasn’t been announced
C. didn’t announce D. wasn’t announced
11. A number of new houses ________ in Wenchuan in 2008.
A. built B. are built C. were built D. will be built
12. I ________ to leave at once, or I’ll be late for the meeting.
A. tell B. be told C. am told D. was told
13. The new bridge over the
A. built B. was built C. has built D. has been built
14. ―Do you often plant trees in spring?
―Yes. Many trees ________ in our school every year.
A. plant B. are planting C. are planted D. were planted
15. A lot of new computers ________ to
A. are sent B. were sent C. will be sent D. sent
16. ―Do you like this shirt? (www.yygrammar.com)
―Yes. It ________very soft.
A. is feeling B. feels C. is felt D. feel
【答案点拨】
1. 答案选D。tell的意思是“告诉”,其常用句型是tell sb to do sth。由于句中空格后没有sb,所以应考虑tell使用被动形式,故可排除A、B、C。
2. 答案选C。根据句意可知,“孩子”与“照看”之间为被动关系,而且空格后的by短语也是表明空格处要用被动语态,故可排除B和D;又因为take care of sb为固定搭配,其中的介词of不可省略,故可排除C。选项A中的well为副词,用于修饰动词take,be well taken care of的意思是“被很好地照料”。
3. 答案选B。首先应排除A和D,因为说话者没有去参加聚会是因为没有“被”邀请;再根据前文中的did, felt等可知,吉姆的生日聚会已经举行过了,所以应用一般过去时。
4. 答案选C。根据句意思可知,John与take之间为被动关系,也就是说John是被他父亲用其漂亮的小车带去学校,故可排除A和B(因为它们是主动语态);再根据句首的usually可知,这种现象带有经常性,故要用一般现在时,所以可排除D。
5. 答案选C。动词offer的意思是“提供”,根据句意可知,句中的这个“你”是 “被”人提供工作,而不是“提供”给别人工作,所以空格处应用被动语,故可排除A和B;又因为空格处位于条件状语从句中,所以不能直接使用将来时态,应用一般现在时表示将来意义,故选C而不选D。
6. 答案选D。对话的第一个人说“村里的孩子要过河去上学很困难”,这说明桥还没有修,由此可排除A、B、C。
7. 答案选D。由于熊猫“团团”和“圆圆”是被送到台湾,所以空格处应填被动语态,由此可排除A、B、C(因为它们都是主动语态)。
8. 答案选B。根据常识可知,palace(宫殿)自己不会建立起来,它应该是“被”人们建起来,所以空格处应用被动语态,故可排除A和C;再根据句中的800 years ago(800年以前)可知,句子应用一般过去时,故选B。
9. 答案选B。当表示叫(要)某人做某事时,ask通常使用的句型是ask sb to do sth,由于句中ask后面没有宾语,所以考虑使用被动语态,故可排除A和C;又因为unless引导的是时间状语从句,其中不能直接使用将来时态,而应用一般现在时表示将来意义,故选B。
10. 答案选B。根据常识可知,比赛结果应该是“被”宣布,所以空格处应用被动语态,可排除A和C;又因为该事对现在有影响――由于没有宣布,所以大家都不知道――所以用现在完成时。
11. 答案选C。由于“房子”与“建造”之间为被动关系,故要用被动语态,由此可排除A;再根据句中的in 2008可知,句子应用一般过去时,故选C。
12. 答案选C。tell的意思是“告诉”,其常用句型是tell sb to do sth。由于句中空格后没有sb,所以应考虑tell使用被动形式,故可排除A、B、C。
13. 答案选B。由于“桥”与“建造”之间为被动关系,故应选用被动语态,排除A和C;根据句中last year可知,句子应用一般过去时,故选B不选C。
14. 答案选C。根据常识可知,“树”应该是被人种,故空格处应填被动语态,可排除A和B;再根据句中的often…in spring和every year可知,句子应用一般现在时。
15. 答案选B。“新电脑”与“送给学校”之间为被动关系,故空格处应填被动语态,可排除D;再根据句中的last month可知,句子应用一般过去时,故选B。
16. 答案为B。由于feel(摸起来)在此为连系动词,不能用于被动语态,故可排除C;又因为主语为第三人称单数,故不能选D;另外,feel表示“摸起来”时不能用于进行时态,故不能选A。