黑猩猩和我们有同样的情感吗？
Do chimps have the same emotions as us?
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Rob.
大家好。这里是BBC教学英语的《六分钟英语》。我是罗伯。
And I'm Sam.
我是萨姆。
Having your photograph appear on the cover of a magazine makes you famous around the world.
你的照片出现在杂志封面上会让你闻名世界。
But imagine if that photo showed you hugging and playing with wild chimpanzees!
但想象一下，如果这张照片是你和野生黑猩猩拥抱玩耍的照片呢！
That's exactly what happened to Jane Goodall who shot to fame in 1965 when she appeared on the cover of National Geographic magazine.
那正是发生在珍妮·古道尔身上的事，1965年她登上《国家地理》杂志封面而一举成名。
Jane introduced the world to the social and emotional lives of the wild chimpanzees of Gombe, in eastern Tanzania.
珍妮向世界介绍了坦桑尼亚东部贡贝野生黑猩猩的社会和情感生活。
Jane spent years living among families of wild chimpanzees.
珍妮和野生黑猩猩族群一起生活了数年。
Her observations changed the way we view our closest animal relatives,
她的观察改变了我们看待与我们亲缘关系最近的动物的方式，
and made us think about what it means to be human.
并让我们思考人类的意义。
In this programme, we'll be hearing from the iconic environmentalist Jane Goodall.
在本期节目中，我们将听到代表性环保主义者珍妮·古道尔的讲话。
She reflects on how attitudes have changed as science has uncovered the deep connections between humans and the great apes
随着科学揭示了人类和类人猿之间的深层次联系，她思考了人们的态度是如何发生变化的，
– large primates including chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans, who are closely related to humans.
类人猿是指包括黑猩猩、大猩猩和红毛猩猩在内的大型灵长类动物，它们与人类的关系密切。
And of course we'll be learning some related vocabulary along the way.
当然，在这个过程中我们也会学习一些相关的词汇。
As well as Dr Goodall, the National Geographic photographs also made the chimpanzees of Gombe famous.
除了古道尔博士，《国家地理》杂志的照片也让贡贝的黑猩猩闻名于世。
People around the world became interested in the lives of a family of chimps living in a remote corner of Africa.
世界各地的人们开始对生活在非洲偏远角落的一个黑猩猩族群的生活感兴趣。
When Gombe's alpha female died in 1972, she was so well-loved that she had an obituary in The Times newspaper.
贡贝的“第一雌性大猩猩”在1972年去世时，她深受人们的喜爱以至于《泰晤士报》登出了它的讣告。
But what was her name?
但是她的名字是什么？
That's our quiz question: which chimpanzee's obituary appeared in The Times?
那就是我们的测试问题：哪只黑猩猩的讣告出现在《泰晤士报》上？
Was it: a) Frodo, b Flo, or c) Freud?
是a）弗罗多，b）弗洛，还是c）弗洛伊德？
Well, 1972 is a bit before my time, Rob - I wasn't even born then, but I think it's b) Flo.
嗯，1972年比我的时代要早一点，罗伯——我当时还没有出生，但我觉得是b)弗洛。
OK, Sam, we'll find out later if you were right.
好的，萨姆，我们稍后将揭晓你是否正确。
Now, when Jane first visited Tanzania in the 1960s,
珍妮在20世纪60年代首次访问坦桑尼亚时，
most scientists believed the only animals capable of making and using tools were humans.
大多数科学家认为唯一能够制造和使用工具的动物是人类。
But what Jane witnessed about the behaviour of one chimpanzee, who she named Greybeard,
但是，珍妮目睹了一只黑猩猩的行为，她给这只黑猩猩取名为灰胡子，
turned this idea on its head.
这只黑猩猩的行为彻底改变了人们的看法。
Here she recalls that famous day to Jim Al Khalili, for the podcast of BBC Radio 4s Discovery programme, The Life Scientific:
在BBC广播4频道的探索节目The Life Scientific的播客中，她向吉姆·阿尔·哈利利回忆了那著名的一天：
I could see this black hand picking grass stems and pushing them down into the termite mound,
我可以看到这只黑手正在采摘草茎，把草茎推压到白蚁堆里，
and pulling them out with termites clinging on with their jaws.
然后再把它们拉出来，白蚁则用嘴紧紧地抓着草茎。
And the following day, I saw him pick a leafy twig and strip the leaves,
第二天，我看到他摘了一根带树叶的细枝，揪掉了叶子，
so not only was he using objects as tools but modifying those objects to make tools.
所以他不仅把物体作为工具使用，还把这些物体修改成工具。
Jane observed the chimpanzee, Greybeard, finding small wooden branches called twigs and modifying them
珍妮观察了黑猩猩灰胡子，找到了被称为细枝的小树枝，并对它们进行了修改
- changing them slightly in order to improve them.
——为了改善它们而对它们进行轻微的改动。
By stripping away the leaves from twigs and using them to collect ants and termites to eat, Greybeard had made a tool
通过揪掉细枝上的叶子，并用它们收集蚂蚁和白蚁来吃，灰胡子做出了一种工具
– an instruments or simple piece of equipment,
——一种器械或简单的设备，
for example a knife or hammer, that you hold in your hands and use for a particular job.
例如一把刀或一把锤子，你可以握在手里并用它来做一项特定的工作。
Previously, it was believed that animals were incapable of making tools on their own.
在此之前，人们认为动物无法自己制造工具。
What Jane saw was proof of the intelligence of wild animals.
珍妮所看到的是对野生动物智力的证明。
Jane Goodall's studies convinced her that chimps experience the same range of emotions as humans,
珍妮·古道尔的研究让她相信，黑猩猩和人类有着同样的情感，
as she explains here to BBC Radio 4s The Life Scientific:
正如她在BBC广播4频道的The Life Scientific节目中解释的那样：
I wasn't surprised that chimps had these emotions.
我并不惊讶黑猩猩有这些情感。
It was fascinating to realise how many of their gestures are like ours…
意识到它们和我们有很多相同的姿势，这有很有趣……
so you can watch them without knowing anything about them,
因此你可以在不了解它们的情况下观察它们，
and when they greet with a kiss and embrace, they pat one another in reassurance,
当它们用亲吻和拥抱来打招呼时，它们会轻拍对方来起到安抚作用，
they hold hands, they seek physical contact to alleviate nervousness or stress
它们手牵手，寻求身体上的接触来缓解紧张或压力
– you know, it’s so like us.
——你知道的，这很像我们人类。
Holding hands, embracing and kissing were some of the chimpanzee's gestures
手牵手、拥抱和亲吻是黑猩猩的一些姿势
– movements made with hands, arms or head, to express ideas and feelings.
——用手、胳膊或头做出的动作以表达思想和感情。
In the same way as humans, the chimpanzees would pat each other
和人类一样，黑猩猩也会轻拍对方
- touch someone gently and repeatedly with their hand held flat.
——手放平重复轻触对方。
Much of their behaviour was human-like.
它们的许多行为与人类相似。
Just as I would hug a friend to reassure them,
就像我会拥抱朋友安抚他们一样，
the chimps used physical contact to alleviate stress – make pain or problems less intense or severe.
黑猩猩用身体接触来缓解压力——使疼痛或问题不那么强烈或严重。
In fact, chimps are so alike us that sometimes they even get their name in the newspaper!
事实上，黑猩猩和我们如此相像以至于有时它们的名字甚至出现在报纸上！
Ah yes, Sam, you mean the quiz question I asked you earlier.
啊，是的，萨姆，你是说我早些时候问你的测试问题吧。
Which chimpanzee had their obituary published in The Times?
哪只黑猩猩的讣告刊登在《泰晤士报》上？
And I guessed it was b) Flo.
我猜是b）弗洛。
And that's absolutely right.
完全正确。
Well done, Sam!
做得很棒，萨姆！
Give yourself a pat on the back!
鼓励一下自己吧。
OK. In this programme, we've been hearing about legendary zoologist and activist, Jane Goodall,
好的。在本期节目中，我们一直在听传奇动物学家和活动家珍妮·古道尔，
and her experiences living among great apes – primates like chimpanzees who are humans' closest animal relatives.
以及她与类人猿生活在一起的经历。类人猿是灵长类动物，如与人类亲缘关系最近的黑猩猩。
Jane witnessed the chimpanzees of Gombe modify – or slightly alter, objects like leaves and twigs to make tools
珍妮目睹了贡贝的黑猩猩修改或稍微改动一些物品，比如树叶和细枝来制作工具
– hand-held instruments used for a particular job.
——用于特定工作的手持器械。
Many of the chimpanzees' gestures – body movements made to communicate and express emotions
黑猩猩的许多姿势——为交流和表达情感而做出的身体动作
– like kissing and patting – touching someone gently and repeatedly with a flat hand – were almost human.
——比如亲吻和轻拍——手放平重复轻触对方——几乎和人类一样。
And just like us, the chimps sought physical contact to alleviate – or reduce the severity of, nervousness and stress.
就像我们人类一样，黑猩猩寻求身体接触来缓解——或者减轻紧张和压力的严重程度。
And that's all for this programme.
以上就是本期节目的全部内容。
Bye for now!
再见了！
Bye bye!
拜拜！