垂悬分词的用法

    

英语语法网上有一篇文章《涉及垂悬分词的一道典型考题》(/Article/201108/2460.html)全文如下:    

请看下面一题:    

Finding her car stolen, _________.    

A. a policeman was asked to help    

B. the area was searched thoroughly    

C. it was looked for everywhere    

D. she hurried to a policeman for help    

【分析】此题容易误选 A,因为从汉语角度来看,车子被盗,就应该叫来警察。但如果选 A,会导致句子主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致,构成所谓的垂悬分词。其实,此题最佳答案选 D,因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语 finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是,而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等,按照英语语法,在通常情况下,非谓语动词用作状语时,它的逻辑主语应与句子主语保持一致,所以最佳答案为D。请再看以下类似例子:  

(1) To master a foreign language, _________.    

A. the school needs a foreign teacher    

B. a good teacher is needed    

C. a lot of practice is needed    

D. one must have a lot of practice    

【分析】此题答案选D,因为 to master a foreign language 的逻辑主语应是 one,而不是其他。(笔者注:此句是不定式充当目的状语,其逻辑主语句子的主语one 。不属于垂悬分词的用法!)    

请再看类例:    

(2) _________ many times, he still didn’t understand it.    

A. Having been told    B. Though to be told    

C. Having told D. He was told    

【分析】此题答案选A ,因为根据句意,he tell 应是被动关系;另外,从时间上看,应该是被告诉在先,没有理解在后,故要用 having been told 这一现在分词的完成被动式。注意不能选D,因为 He was told he still didn’t understand it 这两个简单句之间缺乏必要的衔接关系(参见下一题)(笔者注:此句是现在分词完成式充当时间状语,其逻辑主语句子的主语he。不属于垂悬分词的用法!)    

请再看类例:    

(3) _________ many times, but he still didn’t understand it.    

A. Having been told       B. Though he was told    

C. To have been told      D. He was told    

【分析】此题答案选D,句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句,同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子,而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选AC),又因为 though 为从属连词,用以引导让步状语从句,它与连接并列句的并列连词 but 兼容,所以也不能选B(笔者注:此句不属于垂悬分词的用法!)  

从上文可以看出:除了文章标题中出现了垂悬分词以及在第1题里间接提及垂悬分词外,文章中其他例句均不含有垂悬分词 究竟什么叫垂悬分词?是否被普遍接受呢? 下面笔者就简单介绍垂悬分词的概念及其用法。  

1. 什么叫垂悬分词    

吴慰曾在其主编的《英语语法词典》(四川人民出版社 19865月第1)p202上给出的定义是:分词的逻辑主语同句子主语不一致的情况,这种分词叫垂悬分词或无所属分词。    

2.垂悬分词的用法    

张鑫友在其编著的《英语语法难题探微析词典》(华中师范大学出版社 20045月第1)p315上详细介绍了垂悬分词的用法:    

A. 有些分词(短语)在长期的运用中已经转化为介词或连词,这些分词常见的有concerning, expecting, barring, respecting, saving, regarding, considering, following, including, owing (to), seeing, granting, admitting, persuming, assuming, supposing, providing, given, provided等   

Many incurable diseases are really curable, provided(that) you begin treatment early.    

B. 有些分词已转变为独立成分,含有泛指之意,在句中作插入语。这样的短语常见的有judging from, generally(frankly, strictly)speaking (of), putting it frankly, allowing for, taking …into consideration等。例如:    

Generally speaking, boys are more interested in such activities than girls.    

C. 在以it做形式主语的句子中,真正的主语是以不定式短语、动名词或名词性从句表示时,其逻辑主语一般是泛指的。    

Using the electric energy, it is necessary to change its form.    

D. 当分词短语作结果状语,起补充说明作用时,其逻辑主语应该是整个句子。分词短语相当于which引导的非限制性定语从句。    

First of all, this difficult problem has to be tackled, enabling us to proceed to the other. (…, which will enable us to proceed to the other.)  

E. 当分词短语的逻辑主语就是句中被省略的动作执行者时。  

Ideas can be expressed (by us) accurately and efficiently using simple sentences.  

F. 当分词短语的逻辑主语在句子中(包括分词短语中)以定语、宾语等形式出现时。    

Eating our dinner, the sky cleared up.    

G. 当分词短语与when, while until等连词连用时。    

While trying to open the door, his key was broken.    

垂悬分词的以上用法,正如张鑫友教授所言主要用于英美文学作品和科技作品,但是这种语言现象已越来越被人们广泛地使用,而且也逐渐被一些语法学家所采纳。值得欣慰的是垂悬分词作为考点已经引入到高考中:2001年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试(全国卷)第35 ______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.    

A. Having suffered B. Suffering    C. To suffer   D. Suffered    

所给答案为A。    

对照以上垂悬分词的用法,篇首所提及句子的前三个选项ABC也是可以接受的,因为它符合F项所说的垂悬分词的用法。