一、概述
形容词用于表示人或事物的性质、特征及状态等,在句子中可以做句子的定语、表语、宾语的补足语等。如:
Eggs are cheap now. 现在鸡蛋很便宜。(形容词cheap用作表语)
That’s a good idea. 这是一个好主意。(形容词good用作定语)
He pushed the door open. 他把门推开了。(形容词open用作宾语补语)
副词主要用于修饰动词,也可用于修饰形容词、副词、介词短语以及句子等。副词的本意是补充说明动词的意思,即副词通过修饰动词告诉我们有关句中某个动作的情况,告诉我们某事是如何、何时、何地等发生或进行的。
He walked slowly past the house. 他从屋旁慢慢走过。(副词slowly表示动作发生的方式)
He visited us yesterday. 他昨天来看望我们了。(副词yesterday表示动作发生的时间)
I met a few of my friends there. 在那里我碰到几个朋友。(副词there表示动作发生的地点)
中考英语对形容词和副词的考查面非常广泛,既可能考查形容词与副词的用法区别,也可能考查相似形容词与副词的用法辨析;既可能考查比较等级的构成与用法,也可能考查比较等级的搭配与修饰语;既可能考查从语法规则的角度考查其用法,也可能设置特定语境进行考查,等等,所以同学们在复习时一定引起足够重视。
二、考点归纳
考点1 考查形容词与副词的区别
前面提到,形容词用于表示人或事物的性质、特征及状态等,在句子中可以做句子的定语、表语、宾语的补足语等;而副词主要用于修饰动词,也可用于修饰形容词、副词、介词短语以及句子等。通过比较,我们可以发现,形容语可用作表语,但副词通常不用作表语;而副词可用作状语修饰动词,而形容词通常不可以用作状语修饰动词。
【考例1】We love to go to the country in spring as the flowers smell so ________. (广东广州中考题)
A. well B. nice C. wonderfully D. nicely
【分析】答案选B。用于连系动词后作表语时,要用形容词,而不用副词,故只能选B,因为其他三个均为副词。
【考例2】She always does her homework ________ than her brother. (河北中考题)
A. more careful B. careful C. more carefully D. carefully
【分析】答案选C。根据句中的than可知,答案只能选比较级,故可排除B和D;又因为是修饰动词短语do her homework,故要用副词,不能用形容词,故可排除B。
考点2 考查在特定语境中形容词的用法
对于在语境中考查形容词用法的考题,同学们一定要充分读懂题意,理解语境背景,然后比较所给的备选项,从中选出使句子意思最通顺、最符合逻辑或情理的选项。
【考例1】―Where did you go on holiday this summer?
―You are ________. We went on a 10-day tour to
A. funny B. right C. cool D. close
【分析】答案选D。根据后面说的We went on a 10-day tour to Paris(我们去巴黎旅游了10天)可知,对方的猜测比较近,故选D。
【考例2】―What do you think of your English teacher?
―I love her. She is really ________. She always has a smile on her face. (山东淄博中考题)
A. outgoing B. funny C. friendly D. serious
【分析】答案选C。四个选项中所涉及的形容词意思分别为:outgoing=外出的,外向的;funny=滑稽的,有趣的;friendly=友好的;serious=严重的。根据句中的I love her(我喜欢她)和She always has a smile on her face(她脸上总是挂着笑容)可知,选C最符合语境。
考点3 考查在特定语境中副词的用法
凡是根据语境设置的考题,都有一个共同特点,就是不仅要求考生选出“正确”答案,而且要求考生选出“最佳”答案。
【考例1】―I didn’t know you take a bus to school.
―Oh, I ________ take a bus, but it is snowing today. (江西中考题)
A. hardly B. never C. sometimes D. usually
【分析】答案选A。根据句中的but it is snowing today(但是今天下雪了)可知,说话者平时(即不下雪的时候)很少坐公交车。故选A。
【考例2】―Can you understand what I meant?
―Sorry, I can ________ follow you. (江苏宿迁中考题)
A. always B. almost C. nearly D. hardly
【分析】答案选D。根据句中的sorry可知,答话者不太听得懂对方说的话,故答案选D,hardly的意思是“几乎不”。
考点4 考查频度副词的用法与辨析
频度副词是指表示动作发生的次数副词,常见有的ever, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always 等。频度副词通常位于实义动词之前,动词be、助动词、情态动词等之后。如:
We often get together. 我们常常聚会。
He never saw her again. 他从没有再见到过她。
He can never understand. 他永远也不会明白的。
He sometimes goes there on business. 他有时到那里出差。
He has never been late. 他从未迟到过。
You have often been told not to do that. 多次告诫过你别干那事。
They never eat meat. 他们从来不吃猪肉。
I was never very good at maths. 我的数学从来不好。
做频度副词考题时,要充分理解句子的意思,然后从所给选项中选一个与句子所要求“频度”相当的频度副词。
【考例1】 ―Miss Gao is very popular with her students.
―Yes. Her classes are ________ lively and interesting. (福建漳州中考题)
A. seldom B. never C. sometimes D. always
【分析】答案选D。根据上文说的“高老师很受学生欢迎”可知,她上的课应该“总是生动有趣”。故选always(总是)。
【考例2】―John sings so well. Has he ever been trained?(www.yygrammar.com)
―No. He learns all by himself. He ________ goes to any training class. (江苏常州中考题)
A. usually B. often C. never D. even
【分析】答案选C。根据句中No. He learns all by himself(没有,他完全是自学的)可知,他“从未”(never)上过训练班。
考点5 考查enough的用法与搭配
当enough用作形容词时,它通常位于被修饰名词之前,但有时也可置于被修饰名词之后(这在现代英语中已较少见)。如:
He has enough money to buy a car. 他有足够的钱买辆汽车。
We have enough time [time enough] to get to the airport. 我们来得及赶到机场。
当enough用作副词时,它总是放在被修饰语之后。如:
He knows the situation well enough. 他对情况了解得非常清楚。
I don’t know him well enough to ask him for help. 我和他不够熟,不好请他帮忙。
【考例1】―Can you hear me?
―No, I can’t. Would you please speak ________? (江苏宿迁中考题)
A. clearly enough B. clear enough C. enough clear D. enough clearly
【分析】答案选A。由于enough修饰形容词或副词时,它必须置于所修饰的形容词或副词之后,由此可排除C和D;另外,由于所填之词是修饰动词speak,所以只能用副词,不能用形容词,故选A不选B。
【考例2】I find this computer game ________ to play. (江苏无锡中考题)
A. enough easy B. easy enough C. enough easily D. easily enough
【分析】答案选B。由于enough修饰形容词或副词时,它必须置于所修饰的形容词或副词之后,由此可排除A和C;另外,由于所填之词是用作宾语补足语,故要用形容词,不用副词,即选B不选D。
考点6 考查较难形容词和副词的识记
有些形容词和副词考题的考查重点不在其用法,而在其意思,即只要考生能正确题解句意和所给选项的意思,就可以把答案选对。但这类题所涉及的形容词或副词一般都有一定难度,或者至有部分选项所涉及的形容词或副词有一定难度。
【考例1】―How ________ the medicine tastes!
―Yes. But the medicine will really work soon after you take it. (新疆阜康中考题)
A. terrible B. delicious C. sweet D. nice
【分析】答案选A。在所给的四个选项中,除nice外,其他三个词对许多同学来说可能都有一定难度,它们的意思分别是:terrible=可怕的,很糟的;delicious=美味的;sweet=甜的。根据答语“是的,但是这药服用后的确很有效”可知,药的味道肯定很苦。故选A。
【考例2】The match was really fantastic, ________ when Smith scored in the last minute. (河南中考题)
A. probably B. exactly C. especially D. mostly
【分析】答案选C。所给的四个词均有一定难度,但只要能知道它们的意思,选对答案也不难。probably=很可能;exactly=准确的,精确地;especially=尤其是;mostly=主要地。
考点7 考查比较级的构成方法
关于形容词和副词比较等级的构成方法教材上说得很清楚,但在此给同学们强调两点:一是不要在比较级前使用more或less,也不要在最高级前使用most;二是as…as…结构中,两个as之间只能接形容词或副词的原形,不能是比较级,也不能是最高级。
【考例1】Taking buses in Beijing is ________ than taking a taxi. (吉林通化中考题)
A. more cheap B. much cheaper C. a little cheap D. less cheaper
【分析】答案选B。首先应排除A和D,因为A项中的cheap为单音节形容词,不能通过加more来构成比较级;而D项的less cheaper为双重比较级,不合英语习惯。然后根据句中的than可知,答案应选B而不能选C。
【考例2】The boy doesn’t speak ________ his sister, but his written work is very good. (广州中考题)
A. as well as B. so good as C. more better than D. more worse than
【分析】答案选A。首先应排除C和D,因为它们构成比较的方法不对――使用了“双重比较级”。注意,根据英语语法,more在任何情况下都不能用于比较级之前,若要加强比较级的意思,可用 much, even, far等。至于B,由于形容词good不用于修饰动词speak,所以也被排除。(www.yygrammar.com)
考点8 考查比较级的修饰语
形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级各自有其特定的修饰语,同学们在使用时不可乱用。
1. 修饰原级的词语通常有:very, quite, rather, too, pretty, how, so等;
2. 修饰比较级的词语通常有:even, much, still, rather, (by) far, not any, a lot, a little, a bit, twice, three times 等;
注意:quite 一般不用来修饰比较级,但有一个特例,即quite better (指身体情况)。
3. 修饰最高级的词语通常有:(by) far, much, nearly, almost, quite, by no means 以及the very, the second, the next等。
【考例1】―All of us are proud of the progress he’s made during the past few years.
―Yes, we’re sure he will be even ________. (湖北宜昌中考题)
A. successful B. more successful
C. most successful D. successfully
【分析】答案选B。even表示“更”“还”“甚至”时,只用于修饰比较级,故答案应选B。又如:You know even less about it than I do. 你对此事知道得比我还少。
【考例2】―Are you feeling better today, dear?
―No, even ________. (福建漳州中考题)
A. well B. better C. bad D. worse
【分析】答案选D。even表示“更”“还”“甚至”时,只用于修饰比较级,故可排除A和C;再根据句中的no可知,说话者的感觉不是变得“更好”,而是变得“变糟”。
考点9 考查特定搭配中的比较等级
有关比较等级的特定搭配比较多,下面为同学们归纳几条比较重要而且经常被考到的结构和用法(这些用法虽然从语法角度并不绝对,但对于应付考试有时非常有效):
1. 若句子中有了表示比较的than,那么句子中就必须要出现比较级,做题时要特别留意这一点。如:
He runs faster than all the other boys. 他跑得比其他男孩子都快。
You play the piano better than your sister. 你的钢琴比你姐姐弹得好。
He moves more slowly than his sister (does). 他行动起来比他妹妹慢。
2. 若前面出现了one of…之类的搭配,那么紧跟在其后的形容词十之八九会是用最高级。如:
He is one of the nicest people I know. 他是我认识的最好的人之一。
It’s one of the nicest parks in the country. 这是这个国家最美的公园之一。
It was one of the most interesting discoveries. 这是这些发现中最有意思的一个。
3. 若一个名词后跟有I’ve ever seen之类的定语,那么它前面的形容词也十之八九会是用最高级。如:
That’s the best film I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the worst book I have ever read. 这是我读过的最糟的书。
He is the kindest man that I have ever met. 他是我遇到过的最仁厚的人。
4. “the+比较级,the+比较级”(越……就越……)是英语中的一类很有用的句式,若考题涉及这类句式,要注意选比较。如:
The more, the better. (www.yygrammar.com) 越多越好。
The younger you are, the easier it is to learn. 年纪越轻,学习越容易。
The warmer the weather is, the better I feel. 天气越暖和我感觉越舒服。
【考例1】Now the air in our city is ________ than it used to be. Something must be done to stop it. (甘肃兰州中考题)
A. very good B. much better C. rather bad D. even worse
【分析】答案选D。根据句中的than可知,空格处应填一个比较级,故可排除A和C;再根据句中Something must be done to stop it(必须采取措施阻止它)可知,应选D而不选B。
【考例2】Tian’anmen Square is one of ________ squares in the world. (北京中考题)
A. large B. larger C. largest D. the largest
【分析】答案选D。根据句中的one of…in the world可知,说话者是把“天安门”与世界上所有的广场来比,故要用最高级(同时要注意在最高级前加定冠词)。
【考例3】―Junk food is bad for our health.
―Yes, the ________ you eat, the healthier you will be. (北京朝阳区中考题)
A. little B. few C. less D. more
【分析】答案选C。此题考查“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构。句意为:吃得越少,健康就越好。
考点10 考查as…as结构的用法
as…as结构的意思是“与……一样”,在该结构的两个as之间总是用形容词或副词的原级,不能用比较级或最高级。如:
He’s as old as she [her]. 他年纪跟她一样大。
该结构若用于否定句,则可将第一个as改为so,即说成not as…as或not so…as,但是,在肯定句中是绝不可能用so…as的。如:
He doesn’t study as [so] hard as his brother. 他学习不如他弟弟努力。
修饰as…as结构的常见词语有nearly, almost, just, exactly, half, quite, twice, three times等,请注意这些修饰语都只能放在as…as 结构之前 (而不能置于其中或其后。如:
I earn half as much as you do. 我只赚你的一半钱。
This rope is twice as long as that one. 这根绳子比那根长一倍。
【考例1】We don’t have much homework now and our school bags are ________ they used to be. (辽宁锦州中考题)
A. as heavy as B. not as heavy as C. as heavily as D. not as heavily as
【分析】答案选B。as…as的意思是“与……一样”,not as…as的意思是“不如……”,根据前文说的“我们的作业不多”可推知,“我们的书包不如原来重”,故可排除A和C;又因为空格处是用于连系动词are之后作表语,所以要选形容词heavy,而不是副词heavily。
【考例2】―I think English is ________ math. (www.yygrammar.com)
―Yes, I think so. (湖北恩施中考题)
A. much important than B. so important as
C. as important as D. as more important as
【分析】答案选C。首先应排除B和D,因为它们的结构有问题:as…as只能在否定句中才可改为so…as,所以B不能选;又因为as…as之间只能接形容词或副词的原级,故D也不能选;至于A,由于其中用了than,但句子中却没有比较级,所以也不能选。
三、易错陷阱
陷阱1 在连系动词后误用副词作表语
根据英语语法,连系动词后要接形容词作表语,不接副词。如:
大家都认为这菜好吃。
误:Everyone thinks that the food tastes well.
正:Everyone thinks that the food tastes good.
所有的孩子们看上去都非常高兴。
误:All the children look very happily.
正:All the children look very happy.
陷阱2 误用双重比较等级
所谓“双重比较级”,指的是在比较前使用more或less来修饰,如说more better, less better之类的。记住,根据英语习惯,在任何情况下,使用双重比较级都是错误的。如:
吃完药后她感觉好多了。
误:She felt more better after taking the medicine.
正:She felt much better after taking the medicine.
同样的道理,使用双重最高级也是错误的。也就是说,在构成最高级时,我们也不能既在词尾加-est,又在其前加most。如:
巴黎是世界上最大的城市之一。
误:Paris is among the most largest cities in the would.
正:Paris is among the largest cities in the would.
陷阱3 受汉语影响用错比较比象
如果有人问你,“5米布”与“2公斤大米”哪个重些,你如何回答?如果你说5米布重些,那你就错了。事实上,这两者由于“单位”不同,它们无法比重量。在使用英语比较等级时也要注意类似的问题。如:
你的发音比我好多了。
误:Your pronunciation is better than me.
正:Your pronunciation is much better than mine. (www.yygrammar.com)
析:“她的语音”与“我”不是同一范畴的比较对象,它们不能作比校。正确的比较方法是,将“她的语音”与“我的语音”作比较。上面正句中的mine相当于my pronunciation。
中国人口比印度人口多。
误:The population of China are larger than India.
正:The population of China is larger than that of India.
析:“中国的人口”与“印度”不是同一范畴的比较对象,它们不能作比校。正确的比较方法是,将“中国的人口”与“印度的人口”作比较。上面正句中的that of India相当于the population of India。
【跟踪训练】
选择最佳答案填空:
1. ―Oh. I’m hungry. Mum, can I have the hamburger on the plate?
―No. It tastes ________.
A. terribly B. terrible C. good D. well
2. ―Which of those radios sounds ________?
―The smallest one.
A. good B. well C. better D. best
3. ―How about the dishes?
―Fantastic! Nothing tastes ________.
A. nice B. better C. terrible D. worse
4. ―Helen, can I wear jeans and a T-shirt to the evening party?
―OK. But a dress might be ________.
A. good B. better C. bad D. worse
5. Don’t do any other things while you are doing your homework. So please ________ your MP3.
A. turn up B. turn down C. turn on D. turn off
6. The world is becoming smaller and smaller because the Internet gets us ________.
A. less B. more C. closer D. farther
7. ―Mum, could you buy me a dress like that?
―Certainly, we can buy ________ one than this, but ________ this.
A. a better; better than B. a worse; as good as
C. a cheaper; as good as D. a more important; not as good as
8. ―Can you understand what I meant?
―Sorry, I can ________ follow you.
A. always B. almost C. nearly D. hardly
9. ―Would you please drive ________? My plane is taking off.
―I’d like to, but safety comes first.
A. faster B. better C. more carefully D. more slowly
10. ―Mark speaks English well, but you ________ him.
―Thank you.(www.yygrammar.com)
A. speak as badly as B. speak worse than
C. don’t speak so badly as D. speak much better than
11. ―Was Henry late for the concert yesterday?
―No. He got there even ten minutes ________ than us two.
A. earlier B. earliest C. later D. latest
12. My father told me a story last night. It is ________ one I’ve ever heard.
A. the funniest B. funniest C. funnier D. the funnier
13. Lee came to
A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest
14. ―How do you like banana milk shake?
―I love it. I like it ________ than yogurt.
A. very much B. even better C. a little D. much less
15. The question is ________ that nobody can answer it.
A. very hard B. too difficult C. strange enough D. so strange
16. The music in the supermarket sounded so ________ that I wanted to leave at once.
A. soft B. wonderful C. friendly D. noisy
17. ―Why don’t you like pigs, Molly?
―Because they are ________.
A. cute B. ugly C. smart D. friendly
18.―Hello! Golden Sun Hotel. Can I help you?
―Do you have a room ________ for this weekend?
A. available B. useful C. empty D. possible
19. Chinese is the language spoken by the ________ number of people in the world, but it’s not as ________ as English.
A. largest; widely spoken B. large; wide spoken
C. larger; widely speaking D. largest; wide speaking
20. ________ children there are in a family, ________ their life will be.
A. The less; the better B. The fewer; the better
C. Fewer; richer D. More; poorer
21. ―English is ________ too difficult for me. I can’t learn it well.
―Don’t give up. Nothing is difficult if you work hard.
A. seldom B. never C. usually D. always
22. ―Do you know anything about the players of our school football team?
―Yes. They are ________ young boys between the age of thirteen and fifteen.
A. most B. mostly C. almost D. at most
23. ―The cake looks ________.
―Yes, and it tastes even ________.(www.yygrammar.com)
A. well, good B. nice, better C. good, worse D. better, best
【答案点拨吧】
1. 答案选B。用于连系动词后作表语时,只能用形容词,不能用副词,故可排除A和D,因为terribly和well为副词;再根据答语中的No可知,选B比选C更符合语境。
2. 答案选D。根据英语语法规则,连系动词后可以接形容词作表语,但不接副词,故可排除B;再根据答语中的最高级smallest可知,空格处应最高级best。
3. 答案选B。这是一道比较难的语境题。首先要弄清fantastic(极好的)的意思,然后要弄清这是一个省略句,其完整形式为:Nothing tastes better than them(没有什么菜比它们更好吃)。
4. 答案选B。根据句中的But可知,空格处应填better。也就是说:虽然穿jeans和T-shirt也OK,但穿dress会更好些。
5. 答案选D。上文说“你在做作业时不能做其他的事”,由此可知后面应该是说“关掉”MP3,故选turn off。
6. 答案选C。做此题时应充分结合句意和常识来考虑,句意为:世界越来越小了,是因为互联网把我们拉得越来越近了。
7. 答案选C。分别将四个选项代入空格处,显然只有C最符合句子的上下文语境。全句意为:当然可以,我们买比那件衣服更便宜,但质量一样好的衣服。
8. 答案选D。根据句中的sorry可知,答话者不太听得懂对方说的话,故答案选D,hardly的意思是“几乎不”。
9. 答案选A。根据句中说的“我的飞机马上就要起飞了”,说明说话者急于赶时间,故选faster最符合语境(即叫司机把车开快点)。
10. 答案选D。根据答语thank you可知,对方肯定是说了赞扬的话,故应选D。but you speak much better than him的意思是“但是你说英语比他说得好多了”。
11. 答案选A。根据句中的than可知,空格处应填比较级,故可排除B和D;再根据句中的No可知Henry没有迟到,所以答案选A不选C。
12. 答案选A。根据句中I’ve ever heard(我曾听过的)这一定语从句可知,说话者是将他父亲讲的故事跟他所听过的故事进行比较,故要用最高级。
13. 答案选B。根据句中所搭配的than可知,空格处只能填比较级,而在四个选项中只有B为比较。
14. 答案选B。根据空格后所搭配的than可知,空格处只能填比较级,故可排除A和C;再根据句中的I love it(我很喜欢)可知,答案应选B而不能选D。
15. 答案选D。根据空格后的that可知,此题应选D,考查的句式为so…that,其中的so后要接形容词或副词,而that后接从句。
16. 答案选D。在四个选项中A和D可能是许多同学不太熟悉的词――soft的意思是“柔和的”,noisy的意思是“嘈杂的”“喧闹的”。根据句子后面说的“我想马上离开”可知答案应选D。
17. 答案选B。在所给的四个选项中,除friendly外,其他三个词对大多数同学来说都有较大难度,尤其是cute一词。它们的意思分别是:cute=漂亮的;ugly=难看的;smart=漂亮的,聪明的。根据问句“你为什么不喜欢猪”可知,答案只能选B。
18. 答案选A。在所给的四个选项中,识记难度最大的是available,事实上只要同学们知道这个词的意思,选对答案应该不是问题。available有两个用法:一是指物,表示“可用的”“可得到的”,如:This was the only available room. 只剩下那个房间可用了。二是指人,表示“可会见的”“可与之交谈的”,如:I’m available in the afternoon. 我下午有空。(www.yygrammar.com)
19. 答案选A。从句中可找出比较的范围是in the world,故第一空用最高级,排除B、C项;修饰动词spoken应该用副词widely,不能用形容词。故答案选A。
20. 答案为B。考查“the+比较级, the+比较级”,其意为“越……,就越……”,children是可数名词复数,只能用few修饰,不能用little。故答案选B。
21. 答案选D。根据句中I can’t learn it well(我没法把它学好)可知,英语对我来说“一直”(always)很难学。
22. 答案选B。这几个词都与most的形式多少有些相似。比较:most=大多数; mostly=主要地,大部分;almost=几乎,差不多;at most=至多。根据句意,选mostly最符合句意。又如:They lived mostly on vegetables from their garden. 他们主要靠他们园子里的蔬菜生活。
23. 答案选B。第一空应填good,因为是用于连系动词后作表语,故可排除A;第二空应填better,因为这样才能与前文中的look good相呼应。