一、概述
所谓宾语从句，指的是在复合句中用作宾语的从句。如：
He believed what she said. 他相信她说的话。
He asked if we wanted a drink. 他问我们是否想喝一杯。
You know that I work very hard. 你知道我工作很努力。
以上三句中what she said, if we wanted a drink, that I work very hard均为宾语从句，分别用作动词believed, asked, know的宾语。
宾语从句除可用作及物动词的宾语外，也可作介词的宾语。如：
I don’t agree with what you say. 我不完全同意你的话。
I was rather angry at what he said. 我对他说的话相当生气。
二、考点归纳
考点1 考查宾语从句的词序问题
根据英语语法规则，宾语必须使用陈述句词序，即采用“主语+谓语+宾语”的词序，并且这样的词序与主句是否为疑问句无关，也就是说，不管主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都一律使用陈述语序。如：
我不知道你为什么这么生气。
误：I don’t know why are you so angry.
正：I don’t know why you’re so angry.
你认为他讲的是真话吗？
误：Do you think was he speaking the truth?
正：Do you think he was speaking the truth?
【考例1】The new-designed car is on show now. I wonder ________. (河北中考题)
A. how much it cost B. how much did it cost
C. how much it costs D. how much does it cost
【分析】答案选C。由于在宾语从句只能用陈述句词序，而不能用疑问词序，所以可排除B和D；再根据前文的时态可知，该宾语从句也应用一般现在时，故选C不选B。
【考例2】Excuse me, sir. Could you tell me ________? (广州中考题)
A. where is the bank nearest B. where is the nearest bank
C. where the nearest bank is D. the nearest bank is where
【分析】答案选C。宾语从句必须使用陈述句词序，而不能用疑问词序，故可排除A和B；至于D，疑问词不能放在句末，它必须用于宾语从句开头，用于引导宾语从句，故可排除D。
考点2 将词序问题与时态问题结合考查
宾语从句有两个非常重要的考点：一是考查词序问题（参见考点1的有关说明），二是考查时态问题。
关于宾语从句的时态问题，同学们要注意以下两点：
1. 若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态。
2. 若主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，则宾语从句的谓语习惯上也要用某种过去时态（如一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时等）。比较：
He says that he lives in the city. 他说他住在城里。
He said that he lived in the city. 他说他住在城里。
但是，若宾语从句所述内容为客观真理，则不管主句用什么时态，从句一律使用一般现在时。如：
Knowledge is power. (http://ask.yygrammar.com/) 知识就是力量。
The teacher told us that knowledge is power. 老师告诉我们知识就是力量。
【考例1】I don’t know ________ the charity show tomorrow. Can you tell me? (江苏宿迁中考题)
A. when we start B. when did we start
C. when we will start D. when will we start
【分析】答案选C。由于宾语从句只能用陈述句词序，不能用疑问词词序，故可排除B和D；再根据句中的tomorrow（明天）可知，句子应用将来时态，故选C，不选A。
【考例2】Miss Green didn’t tell us ________ in 2002, but now she lives in our school. (新疆阜康中考题)
A. where does she live B. where she lives
C. where did she live D. where she lived
【分析】答案选D。由于主句为一般过去时，并且空格后出现了in 2002（在2002年）这样的时间状语，所以宾语从句应用一般过去时，而不用一般现在时，故可排除A和B；再根据宾语从句用陈述句词序的原则，可排除C。
考点3 考查宾语从句“引导词”的选择
引导宾语从句的引导词有三类：
一是连词that, if, whether；
二是连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等；
三是连接副词when, where, how, why等。
区分这三类“引导词”主要看句意。比较：
―Can you tell me know how he came here? 你能告诉我他是如何来这儿的吗？
―Perhaps by train. 可能是坐火车来的。
―Can you tell me when he came here? 你能告诉我他是什么时候来这儿的吗？
―Last week. 上个星期。
―Can you tell me why he came here? 你能告诉我他为什么来这儿吗？
―To see you. 是来看你。
【考例1】―Do you know ________ the man with sunglasses is?
―I’m not sure. Maybe a reporter. (江西中考题)
A. who B. what C. where D. how
【分析】答案选B。根据句中Maybe a reporter（也许是一名记者）可知，对方在是询问这个人的身份，故选what。比如：What’s your father? 你父亲是干什么的？
【考例2】―Do you remember ________ he came here?
―Of course I do. His father drove him here. (江西省中考题)
A. whether B. when C. how D. why
【分析】答案选C。根据答句His father drove him here（他父亲是才开车来这儿的）可知，前面一句的宾语从句应由表示方式的how来引导。
考点4 在语境中考查宾语从句的用法
有的宾语从句考题除考查有关宾语从句的语法知识外，有时还会要求考生根据所给语境选择合适的宾语从句来完成句子，或选择合适的宾语从句“引导词”来填空。
【考例】―I really hope to keep in touch with Lily.(www.yygrammar.com)
―Sorry. I don’t know ________. (湖北武汉中考题)
A. what her name is B. what her job is
C. what her number is D. when she left
【分析】答案选C。前文说“我真的希望与Lily保持联系”，根据常识，要与一个人联系，我们应该知道他的电话号码或工作地址之类，故选C最佳。
考点5 综合考查宾语从句的相关问题
有些宾语从句考查的面比较广，综合性也比较强，往往要求结合多个知识点进行综合分析，从而选出既合乎语法，而且合乎语境的最佳答案。
【考例1】You can’t imagine ________ when the pupils received these nice presents on Children’s Day. (安徽中考题)
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
【分析】答案选B。由于宾语从句总是使用陈述句词序而不用疑问句词序，由此可排除C；又因为how是用于引导宾语从句的，它必须位于宾语从句之前，故可排除D；又因为how是用于修饰形容词excited的，所以它必须直接放在excited之前，故可排除A。
【考例2】―Would you please tell me ________?
―Of course. About twenty minutes’ walk. (福建漳州中考题)
A. how far is it from the hotel B. how far it is from the hotel
C. how long you have been in the hotel D. how long have you been in the hotel
【分析】答案选B。由于宾语从句只能用陈述句词序，故可排除选项A和D；再根据About twenty minutes’ walk（大约20分钟的路程）可知，空格处问的是“距离”，故宾语从句应用how far来引导。注：how long用于表示“多长”“多久”。
三、易错陷阱
陷阱1 用错宾语从句的词序
宾语从句总是用陈述句词序，则不能使用疑问句词序，尤其是当名词性从句由“疑问词”引导时，不能受疑问句的影响而误用疑问句词序。如：
误：I didn’t know where did he live.
正：I didn’t know where he lived. 我不知道他住哪儿。
陷阱2 用错宾语从句的时态
由于由when引导的时间状语从句和以if引导的条件状语从句要用现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态，所以许多同学容易受此影响在when和if引导宾语从句时也用现在时表示将来意义。如：
I don’t know if she ________, but if she ________ I will let you know.
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
答案选 D，第一个 if 引导的是宾语从句，第二个 if 引导的是条件状语从句。
―When he ________ is not known yet.
―But when he ________, he will be warmly welcomed.”
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes (www.yygrammar.com)
答案选 D，第一个 when 引导的是主语从句，第二个 when引导的是时间状语从句。
陷阱3 混淆that与what的用法
that和what均可引导宾语从句，其区别是：what可在宾事从句中用作主语、宾语或表语，意为“什么”或“所……的”，而that仅起连接作用，本身没有实际意义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分(引导宾语从句时通常可以省略)。如：
He doesn’t know what she likes. 他不知道她喜欢什么。
What you say is quite right. 你所说的相当正确。
I believe (that) he will come to see us. 我相信他会来看我们的。
It’s a pity (that) he didn’t finish college. 真遗憾他大学没毕业。
陷阱4 混淆if与whether的用法
whether与 if均可引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，常可互换。如：
He asked if [whether] we wanted a drink. 他问我们是否想喝一杯。
He didn’t tell me if [whether] he would come. 他没有告诉我他是否会来。
但是，当引导条件状语从句时，只能用 if（意为“如果”）。如：
Don’t tell him if he asks you. 如果他问你不要告诉他。
You must ask if you don’t know. 你不懂就得问。
另外，当于用于介词之后引导宾语从句，也只能用whether，不用if。如：
It depends on whether the letter arrives in time. 这取决于信是否来得及时。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我担心是否伤了她的感情。
【跟踪训练】
选择最佳答案填空：
1. ―What time will Mr Brown be back to
―Sorry. I don’t know ________.
A. when did he go abroad B. why he is going abroad
C. how soon will he be back D. how long he will stay abroad
2. I really want to know ________. (http://ask.yygrammar.com/)
A. what is wrong with my brother B. how will he go to
C. if had he bought that car D. where did he go yesterday
3. How lovely the dog is! Can you tell me ________?
A. where did you get it B. where will you get it
C. where you got it D. where you will get it
4. ―Can you tell me ________ your parents at home?
―I often wash clothes and sweep the floor.
A. how will you help B. how you help
C. how you will help D. how do you help
5. ―Can you tell me ________?
―She is in the computer lab.
A. where Linda was B. where is Linda
C. where was Linda D. where Linda is
6. ―Do you know ________ the new mobile phone last week?
―Maybe 900 yuan. I’m not quite sure.
A. how much she paid for B. how much will she pay for
C. how much did she pay for D. how much she will pay for
7. Everyone can play an important role in the society. As members, we should try our best to do ________.
A. what we should do B. what should we do
C. how we should do D. how should we do
8. ―The light in his room is still on. Do you know ________?
―In order to prepare for the coming exam.
A. if he works hard B. why he stays up so late
C. why is he so busy D. when he will stop working
9. ―Could you tell me ________? He is wanted by the head teacher.
―Sorry, I’ve no idea. But he ________ here just now.
A. where Tim was, was B. where is Tim, was
C. where Tim is, was D. where Tim is, is
10. ―Do we have to hold our English party in the classroom?
―Well, I don’t know ________ if not here.
A. when can we do it B. when we can do it
C. where can we do it D. where we can do it
11. ―I hear we’ll have a new foreign teacher soon. Do you know when ________?
―Sorry, I have no idea.
A. he will come B. will he come C. is he coming D. he was coming
12. ―Could you tell me ________? I must find him.
―Sorry. I don’t know. But he was here just now.
A. where Tom was B. where has Tom gone
C. where Tom is D. where can I find Tom
13. ―Do you know ________ the MP3 player last week?
―Sorry, I have no idea. (http://ask.yygrammar.com/)
A. how much did she pay for B. how much will she pay for
C. how much she paid for D. how much she will pay for
14. ―Could you let me know ________ yesterday?
―Because the traffic was heavy.
A. why did you come late B. why you came late
C. why do you come late D. why you come late
15. I didn’t understand ________, so I raised my hand to ask.
A. what my teacher says B. what does my teacher say
C. what my teacher said D. what did my teacher say
16. ―Could you tell us ________?
―For about two weeks. (www.yygrammar.com)
A. how soon you will be back B. how long you will be there
C. how soon are you going to be back D. how long are you going to be away
17. The teacher said that the light ________ much faster than the sound.
A. travels B. traveled C. would travel D. was traveling
18. ―How about visiting the museum?
―Good idea. But first we should find out ________ it is open.
A. how B. whether C. what D. which
19. ― Could you tell me ________?
― Yes. To take back my dictionary.
A. why did you come here B. when do you come here
C. why you came here D. when you come here
20. ―Could you tell me ________ tomorrow morning?
―Well, it will start at 9: 00 o’clock.
A. when the meeting will start B. where will the meeting start
C. where the meeting starts D. when the meeting would start
【答案点拨】
1. 答案选D。由于在宾语从句只能用陈述句词序，而不能用疑问词序，所以可排除A和C；再根据问句中的疑问词what time（什么时候）可知，答句应该针对时间问题作答，而不是针对原因作答，所以选D不选B。
2. 答案选A。根据宾语从句只能用陈述句词序而不能用疑问词序，可排除B和D；至于C，由于它用的是过去完成时，句中没有过去时间作参照，故不能选。
3. 答案选C。根据英语语法，宾语从句必须使用陈述句词序，不能使用疑问词词序，因此可排除A和B；再根据句意可知，这条狗就是双方正在谈论的那条狗，说明“得到”这条狗已经发生了，所以应选一般过去时，即选C，不选A。
4. 答案选B。由于宾语从句必须使用陈述句词序，不能使用疑问词词序，因此可排除A和D；再根据句意可知，双方谈论的是每天的情况，故应用一般现在时，即选B，不选C。
5. 答案选D。根据宾语从句只能使用陈述句词序的原则，可将答案确定在A和D之间；再根据She is in the computer lab（他在计算机实验室）可知，句子该用一般现在时，即选D，不选A。
6. 答案选A。根据宾语从句只能使用陈述句词序的原则，可排除选项B和C；再根据句中的last week（上个星期）可知，句子应用一般过去时，故选A，不选D。
7. 答案选A。由于宾语从句只能用陈述句词序而不能用疑问句词序，故可排除选项B和D；又因为引导宾语从句的疑问词要用作动词do的宾语，故应用代词what，不用how。
8. 答案选B。根据答句中的In order to prepare for the coming exam（目的是为即将到来的考试做准备）可知，空格应填一个询问目的的宾语从句，显然只有why比较接近，故排除A和D；再根据宾语从句要用陈述句词序可知，要选B。
9. 答案选C。根据第二空后的just now（刚才）可知，第二空应填一般过去时，故可排除D；又因为宾语从句只能用陈述句词序而不能用疑问句词序，故可排除选项B；再根据句意，说话者是在找Tim，说明他想知道Tim现在在哪里，所以宾语从句应用一般现在时，故选C。
10. 答案选D。根据问句中的…in the classroom（……在教室）和答句中的if not here（如果不是在这儿）可知，双方谈论的话题是开晚会的地点，故排除A和B；又因为宾语从句要用陈述句词序，故选D。
11. 答案选A。根据句中的soon（很快，不久）可知，宾语从句应用一般将来时，故可排除D；再根据宾语从用陈述句词序的原则，可排除B和C。
12. 答案选C。由于宾语从句只能用陈述句词序，不能用疑问词词序，故可排除B和D；再根据句中的I must find him（我必须要找到他）可知，说话者是目前正在找他，也就是说他关心的是“他现在在哪里”，所以应选一般现在时，即选C，不选A。
13. 答案选C。根据句中的时间状语last week可知，宾语从句应用一般过去时，可可排除B和D；再根据宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序原则，可排除A。
14. 答案选B。根据宾语从句中的时间状语yesterday可知，宾语从句应用一般过去时，故可排除C和D；再根据宾语从句的语序必须用陈述语序的原则，可排除A。
15. 答案选C。由于主句为一般过去时，所以宾语从句的时态只能是过去的某种时态，排除选项A和B；再根据宾语从句必须使用陈述语序的原则，可排除D。
16. 答案选B。根据答句因答句For about two weeks（大约两周时间）可知，前面一句的宾语从句应由表示时间段的how long来引导，故可排除A和C；因宾语从句要用陈述语序，故可排除D。
17. 答案选A。虽然主句为一般过去时，但由于宾语从句所述内容为客观真理，所以从句谓语要用一般现在时，故答案选A。
18. 答案选B。根据句意可推知。对话双方一个人说：“去参观博物馆怎么样？”另一个人则回答说：“是个好主意。但我们先得弄清它是否开门。”四个选项中只有whether可以表示“是否”。
19. 答案选C。根据宾语从句必须使用陈述语气的原则，可排除A和B；再根据答语中表目的的不定式to take back my dictionary，可确定宾语从句应由why来引导。
20. 答案为A。根据回答可知，问句问的是时间，故可排除B和C；再根据空格后的tomorrow morning可知，宾语从句应用一般将来时，故选A。