如何打造更佳的互联网？
How can we make the web a better place?
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.
大家好。这里是BBC教学英语的《六分钟英语》节目。我是尼尔。
And I'm Sam.
我是萨姆。
What's the matter, Neil? You sound upset.
你怎么了，尼尔？你听起来很沮丧啊。
Well, I am, Sam - I just spent an hour working on my computer when it suddenly froze.
好吧，萨姆，我刚在电脑上工作了一个小时，它就突然死机了。
I lost everything and had to start all over again!
什么东西都没了，我不得不重新开始！
Agghh, that's so frustrating - like pop-up internet ads and buffering videos that never play!
啊，那太让人沮丧了——就像弹出来的网络广告和缓冲着却永远无法播放的视频！
Modern computers and the internet have revolutionised the way we live today,
现代计算机和互联网已经彻底改变了我们今天的生活方式，
bringing us the world with a click of a button.
给我们带来了一个点击按钮的世界。
But not everyone feels happy about these technological developments.
但并非所有人都对这些技术发展感到高兴。
While potentially acting as a force for good and progress, the internet also provides a way of spreading hate and misinformation.
虽然互联网有可能成为推动美好和进步的力量，但它也提供了传播仇恨和错误信息的途径。
And for some people, the World Wide Web remains a mysterious and confusing place.
对一些人来说，万维网仍然是一个神秘而令人困惑的地方。
In this programme, we’ll hear about a new academic subject called Web Science.
在本期节目中，我们将听到一个叫做网络科学的新学科。
Web Science studies the technology behind the internet.
网络科学研究互联网背后的技术。
But from the human side, it's also interested in how people interact with each other online.
但从人类角度，它也对人们如何在网上相互交流感兴趣。
So we'll be asking whether studying Web Science could make the internet better for humanity in the future.
所以我们要问的是，研究网络科学是否能让互联网在未来更好地造福人类。
But first it's time for our quiz question.
但首先是我们的测试问题时间。
I wonder what the pioneers of the internet would think about how it is used today.
我想知道互联网的先驱们对如今互联网的使用有什么想法。
So the question is, who invented the World Wide Web?
所以问题是，谁发明了万维网？
Was it: a) Bill Gates, b) Tim Berners-Lee, or c) Steve Jobs?
是：a）比尔·盖茨，b）蒂姆·伯纳斯-李，还是c）史蒂夫·乔布斯？
Well, Bill Gates and Steve Jobs were the brains behind Microsoft and Apple Mac,
好吧，比尔·盖茨和史蒂夫·乔布斯是微软和苹果电脑的幕后智囊，
so I'm going to say c) Tim Berners-Lee.
所以我选c)蒂姆·伯纳斯-李。
OK, Sam, we'll find out later.
好的，萨姆，我们稍后揭晓答案。
Now, because of coronavirus the annual Web Science conference was held online this year.
由于冠状病毒，今年的年度网络科学会议在网上举行。
Its theme was 'making the web human-centric'.
它的主题是“让网络以人为中心”。
One of the conference’s key speakers, and co-founder of the new discipline of Web Science, was Dame Wendy Hall.
会议的主要发言人之一兼网络科学这一新学科的联合创始人是达姆·温迪·霍尔。
Here she is speaking to BBC World Service's Digital Planet:
以下是她和BBC全球服务节目Digital Planet谈到的：
People think about the web as a technology but actually it's co-created by society.
人们认为网络是一种技术，但实际上它是由社会共同创造的。
We put the content on, we interact with the technology, with the platforms, with the social media networks to create it.
我们把内容放上去，我们与技术、平台以及社会媒体网络互动来创建内容。
What we study is how that works as an ecosystem, this coming together of people and technology,
我们所研究的是一个生态系统如何运作，这将人类与技术结合在一起，
and it's very interdisciplinary, very socio-technical, and of course these days a lot of it is powered by AI.
而且它的跨学科性和社会技术性非常强，当然如今其中许多都是由人工智能驱动。
Web Science is not only interested in the technology side of the internet.
网络科学不仅对互联网的技术方面感兴趣。
As a subject it's very interdisciplinary - involving two or more academic subjects or areas of knowledge.
作为一门学科，它的跨学科性非常强——涉及两个或两个以上的学科或知识领域。
Web Science combines digital technology with subjects ranging from psychology and robotics to economics and sociology.
网络科学将数字技术与心理学、机器人学、经济学和社会学等学科结合在一起。
Exchanges between humans and the internet can be seen in social media networks
人类和互联网之间的交流可以在社交媒体网络中看到，
- websites, apps and computer programmes, like Facebook and Instagram,
社交媒体网络就是网站、应用程序和计算机程序，比如Facebook和Instagram，
which allow people to use electronic devices to communicate and share information.
它们允许人们使用电子设备来交流和分享信息。
This view of technology sees the internet as an ecosystem
这种技术观将互联网视为一个生态系统
– a complex pattern of relationships and mutual influences that exists between all living things and their environment.
——一种关于关系及相互影响的复杂模式，存在于所有生物与其环境之间。
One ongoing and topical example of websites helpfully interacting with humans is the Covid contact tracing app.
正在进行中且具有话题性的一个网站示例是新冠肺炎联系人跟踪应用程序，它有助于人与人之间的互动。
You might think the mobile phone app, which tracks movements and contact between people to combat coronavirus,
你可能会认为，追踪人们的运动轨迹和接触情况来对抗冠状病毒的手机应用程序，
would be a useful practical application of internet technology.
将是互联网技术的一个有用的实践应用。
But as Carly Kind, Director of the Ada Lovelace Institute in Cambridge, explained to BBC World Service's Digital Planet,
但是，正如剑桥艾达·拉芙莱斯研究所所长卡莉·金德向BBC全球服务节目Digital Planet解释的那样，
things are never that straightforward:
事情从未那么简单：
Actually, there's a lot of more fundamental questions that haven't been answered yet such as:
实际上，还有很多更基本的问题没有得到回答，比如：
is Bluetooth even an adequate mechanism for doing what it says on the tin,
蓝牙是否可以作为一种适当机制来完成声称要做到的事情，
which is detecting contact between two people?
即探测两个人之间的联系？
The trails so far show that it's not actually that great and so,
到目前为止的追踪表明，它实际上并不是那么好，那么，
do we know for sure that these apps work and they work in the way we want them to?
我们是否确定这些应用程序能工作并且以我们希望的方式工作？
Do we get the public health information that we need?
我们得到我们所需的公共卫生信息了吗？
Apps like this are designed to support public health - services to improve the standard of health of a country's general population.
像这样的应用程序旨在支持公共卫生——提高一个国家普通人群健康水平的服务。
But Carly thinks the mechanisms used must be suitable and adequate.
但是卡莉认为，所使用的机制必须适当。
They must actually work or do what it says on the tin – an informal idiom meaning work exactly as it is intended to.
它们必须真正发挥作用，或者完成声称要做到的事情——一个非正式习语，意思是完全按照打算的去做。
To find this out, trials - tests to discover how effective or suitable something is - are carried out over a period of time.
为了弄清这一点，需要在一段时间内进行试验，即发现某物的有效性或适用性的测试。
The kind of trials which were carried out during the invention of the internet in the first place, right, Neil?
在互联网发明初期进行的那种试验，对吧，尼尔？
Ah yes, the invention of the internet – or to be more accurate, the World Wide Web.
啊，是的，互联网的发明——或者更准确地说，万维网的发明。
In our quiz question I asked you who invented the World Wide Web?
在我们的测试问题中，我问你是谁发明了万维网？
What did you say, Sam?
你说是谁，萨姆？
I said b) Tim Berners-Lee.
我说是b)蒂姆·伯纳斯-李。
Well, you're a first class web scientist, Sam, because that's the correct answer!
嗯，你是一流的网络科学家，萨姆，因为那是正确的答案！
Great! In this programme, we've been hearing about Web Science,
太棒了！在本期节目中，我们一直在听网络科学方面的内容，
a new interdisciplinary subject, combining several areas of study,
这是一门新的交叉学科，结合了多个研究领域，
which investigates the ecosystem of the internet
它调查了互联网的生态系统
– the complex pattern of interconnections between humans and their environment.
——人类与其环境之间的相互联系的复杂模式。
Social media networks – websites and apps, like Facebook,
社交媒体网络——网站和应用程序，如Facebook，
which let people use electronic devices to communicate on the internet
让人们使用电子设备在互联网上交流
– show how humans and technology can successfully interact.
——它展示了人类和技术如何成功互动。
A new Covid contact tracing app is currently undergoing trials – tests to see if it works effectively.
一个新的新冠肺炎联系人追踪应用程序目前正在进行测试——看它是否有效的测试。
This will discover if it does what it says on the tin – works as it's supposed to.
这将会发现它是否完成声称要做到的事情——它应该要做的工作。
If successful, by alerting people to coronavirus risks the app will support public health
如果成功，通过提醒人们注意冠状病毒风险，该应用程序将支持公共卫生
– services aimed at improving the health of the general population.
——旨在改善普通人群健康的服务。
And that's all from us for now.
以上就是我们今天的全部内容。
And we hope you'll join us again soon for more topical English vocabulary here at 6 Minute English.
我们希望你的下次加入，更多话题英语词汇就在《六分钟英语》。
Bye for now!
再见了！
Bye bye!
拜拜！