有位网友在英语答疑(http://ask.yygrammar.com/ask/q.asp?id=1305)提出以下问题:辅导班的一道题:
①The windows are closed. Who ________ them?
A. close B. closed C. is closing D. has closed.
老师说答案为D 。我觉得选B未尝不可,因为,前一句已经说了窗户现在是关着的。后一句只问过去谁把窗户打开即可,不需强调对现在的影响。
笔者也认为此题应选B,即用一般过去时。先请看Michael Swan在Practical English Usage (Third Edition 2005)P442上对现在完成时和一般过去时用法的区别的解释及例句:
We normally use the present perfect when we are thinking about past events together with their present results. However, we usually prefer a past tense when we identify the person, thing or circumstances responsible for a present situation (because we are thinking about the past cause, not the present result).
②That's a nice picture. Did you paint it yourself? (笔者注:该例句从Michael Swan著的《牛津英语用法指南》(第二版 翻译本)(外语教学与研究出版社2000年9月第1版 )P581一直保留至第3版,说明Michael Swan坚持认为此处应该用一般过去时,而不是现在完成时。)
从以上可以看出句①和句②非常相似。句②完全可以改为:
③That's a nice picture. Who painted it? 同理,句①也可以改为:
④ The windows are closed. Did you close them?
相信读者对于句②和句④中使用一般过去时不会产生疑问,因为这两句的前部分都表示现在的状态,即某一过去的动作对现在产生的结果;而在后半部分,说话人应该关注的是动作的执行者,而非动作产生的结果,如果再提及结果就和前半部分重复。而句①和句③只不过是由一般疑问句改为了特殊疑问句,但时态是不应该改变的。
再请看薄冰编著《英语时态》(开明出版社 北京2000年1月第1版) P54上的论证:The burglar came in through this window. Here are his foot marks.
[说明] 过去一般时只谈过去,和现在没有关系。但这并不是绝对的。有时过去一般时对现在也有影响,如实例中的came。尤其是谈到一些历史事实时,即使对现在仍有影响,也多用过去一般时。再如:
He’s tired because he worked hard all day today.
I travelled all around, I can spot people.
最后请看以下例证:
1. Mark Nettle and Diana Hopkins著Developing Grammar in Context 《剑桥英语语法》普及版 韩非等译(大连理工大学出版社 2006年7月第1版)P50:
He is back with his family now. No one saw him for ten days.
My knee is much better now. I hurt my knee.
2. Ronald Carter 等著Exploring Grammar In Context 《剑桥英语语法》强化版 王海华等译(大连理工大学出版社 2006年8月第1版)P10:
A:Isn’t she married to a Scandinavian os something?
B:Yes, she was married to a Swede, but she’s married to a New Zealander now.
3. 谢应光撰写的《英语动词现在完成体表示的意义》(上海外国语大学学报《外国语》1997年第2 期P66),赵兴撰写的《再论完成时语义学》(上海外国语大学学报《外国语》1998年第4 期P56)和袁晓宁、李霄翔撰写的《现时关联与现在完成体》(大连外国语学院《外语与外语教学》2004年第3期)都用下两句说明一般过去时也和现在有关联。
―Why is Chris so cheerful these days?
―Well, he won a million in the lottery.
Unfortunately, he bought oil shares with all of his money. He lost every penny, so he is now as poor as before.
最后,袁晓宁、李霄翔经过研究认定:现在完成体所产生的现时关联带有明显的主观性,是说话人强调发生在过去的事情对现时的影响;过去时所产生的影响是由语境造成的,与说话人的主观态度无关。句①就属于后者。同时,一般过去时的这一用法在高考试题中也得到验证:2009年四川省高考试题第18题:
―You speak very good French!
―Thanks. I ______ French in
A. studied B. study C. was studying D. had studied (答案为A)
诚然,在句①中也确实存在过使用现在完成时的情况,例如,在宋慕法编著的《英语时态漫谈》(上海译文出版社 1985年10 月第1版)P199上就有这样的句子:― Look, here’s a fallen tree.― There are some fallen trees near our school,too. The strong wind has blown them down.
另外,袁晓宁、李霄翔在《现时关联与现在完成体》(大连外国语学院《外语与外语教学》2004年第3期)上认为I read that novel but I remember nothing about it.是正确的;而I have read that novel but I remember nothing about it.则是错误的,因为现在完成体的现时关联是基于说话人的态度上的现时关联(这儿说话人和主语一致),既然自己的态度是:“我已看过这部小说,所以对它熟悉。”那么就不能再用与自己态度相悖的but I remember nothing about it.
据此,宋慕法编著的《英语时态漫谈》(上海译文出版社 1985年10 月第1版)P199上的句子:― Look, the door is locked.―I suppose my brother has locked it. He often locks the door when he leaves the house.中就只能使用现在完成时,因为I suppose带有明显的主观性,是说话人强调发生在过去的事情对现时的影响。