新冠肺炎会使城市改变吗？
Will Covid-19 change cities?
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.
大家好。这里是BBC教学英语的《六分钟英语》。我是尼尔。
And I'm Rob.
我是罗伯。
From the bubonic plague to cholera and tuberculosis, disease and pandemics have changed the way cities have been built.
从黑死病到霍乱和肺结核，疾病和大流行改变了城市的建设方式。
For example, buildings in 19th century Paris were designed with large, high-up windows to allow plenty of sunlight.
例如，巴黎19世纪的建筑都设计有大而高的窗户，以获得充足的阳光。
They were supposed to stop the spread of tuberculosis.
人们期望它们能阻止肺结核的传播。
Coronavirus has been no different.
冠状病毒没有什么不同。
In lockdown, cities from Rio to Barcelona were transformed as wildlife and birdsong replaced the noise of taxi horns and traffic.
在封锁期间，从里约热内卢到巴塞罗那的城市都发生了变化，野生动物和鸟鸣声取代了出租车喇叭声和交通噪音。
And with no car pollution you could even see the stars at night!
没有汽车污染，你甚至可以在晚上看到星星！
In this programme we'll be asking if cities after lockdown will ever be the same again – and if we want them to be.
在本期节目中，我们将问问封锁后的城市是否会恢复原样，以及我们是否希望它们恢复原样。
We'll be hearing some ideas from different cities around the world.
我们将听听来自世界各地不同城市的一些想法。
And of course we'll be learning some new vocabulary along the way.
当然，在这个过程中我们也会学到一些新词汇。
One of the cities most affected by Covid-19 was Mumbai in India,
受新冠肺炎影响最严重的城市之一是印度的孟买，
but approximately how many people were affected?
但大约有多少人受到影响？
What's the estimated population of Mumbai?
孟买估计有多少人口？
That's my quiz question for you today Rob.
罗伯，那就是我今天的测试问题。
Is it: a) 15 million people, b) 20 million people, or c) 25 million people?
是a) 1500万人，b) 2000万人，还是c) 2500万人？
I know Mumbai is an international mega-city so I'll say b) 20 million people.
我知道孟买是个国际大城市，所以我选b)2000万人。
OK, Rob, we'll find out later if that's right.
好吧，罗伯，我们稍后将揭晓那是否正确。
Now, Beatriz Colomina is a professor of architecture at Princeton University in the United States.
比阿特丽斯·科洛米纳是美国普林斯顿大学的建筑学教授。
She's spent years researching the relationship between cities and disease.
她花了数年时间研究城市与疾病之间的关系。
Here she is talking with Kavita Puri, presenter of BBC World Service programme, The Inquiry:
这是她和BBC全球服务节目The Inquiry的主持人卡维塔·普里谈到的：
Take tuberculosis.
就说肺结核吧。
Unlike cholera, which was eliminated in London by re-designing the sewage system in the 1850s,
它与霍乱不同，19世纪50年代，伦敦通过重新设计污水处理系统消除了霍乱，
TB was airborne.
而肺结核是通过空气传播的。
It became a real problem with the rise of the industrial cities, the metropolis, before an antibiotic was effective.
在抗生素起作用之前，随着工业城市，大都市的兴起，它成为了一个真正的问题。
One in seven people on the planet had TB, but in dense cities like Paris, it was one in three.
地球上七分之一的人患有肺结核，但在像巴黎这样的人口密集城市，这一比例是三分之一。
Closely packed tenements meant the disease spread like wildfire and architects and planning experts responded.
密密麻麻的公寓意味着疾病会迅速传播，建筑师和规划专家做出了回应。
Some diseases, like cholera, could be prevented by redesigning cities to improve hygiene,
有些疾病，比如霍乱，可以通过重新设计城市以改善卫生状况来预防，
like the waste water sewers in 19th century London.
比如19世纪伦敦的污水管道。
But the problem with tuberculosis, or TB for short, was that the disease is airborne – carried and spread in the air.
但是肺结核（简称TB）的问题在于，这种疾病是通过空气传播的——在空气中传播。
Adding to the problem was the fact that antibiotics
令问题更加严重的是，抗生素
– medicines like penicillin that can destroy harmful bacteria or stop their growth – was not discovered until 1928,
——像盘尼西林这样可以破坏有害细菌或阻止它们生长的药物——直到1928年才被发现，
– too late to save the thousands of people who died in Mumbai, New York, Paris and other cities during the 1800s.
但为时已晚，无法挽救19世纪在孟买、纽约、巴黎和其它城市死亡的数千人。
Diseases like TB killed more and more people as cities industrialised and grew bigger and bigger,
随着城市工业化以及城市变得越来越大，结核病等疾病造成越来越多的人死亡，
leading to the creation of the metropolis – the largest, busiest and most important city in a country or region.
而城市工业化以及城市变得越来越大导致了大都市的诞生，大都市是指一个国家或地区内最大、最繁忙和最重要的城市。
Many people crowded together in large metropolises meaning that disease could spread like wildfire
许多人聚集在大城市，这意味着疾病可以像野火一样蔓延
– an idiom meaning spread quickly around many people.
——这个习语的意思是在许多人之间迅速传播。
Even today disease is shaping our cities.
即使在今天，疾病仍在塑造我们的城市。
In post-Covid Paris, new ideas for a '15 minute city' aim to make all public services available within a fifteen minute walk to help people working from home.
在疫情后的巴黎，“15分钟巴黎”的新理念计划在15分钟的步行路程内提供所有公共服务，以帮助在家工作的人们。
Other countries want to build better, more affordable housing outside the city centre.
其它国家想要在市中心以外建造更好、更经济的住房。
But according to Mumbai resident Dr Vaidehi Tandel this won't work – even if the housing on offer is better.
但据孟买居民韦提希· 坦德尔博士说，这是行不通的——即使所提供的住房更好。
But why?
但那是为什么？
The reason is work.
原因是工作。
When you shift them out, you're moving them away from their livelihoods and they're not going to be able to sustain themselves there,
当你把他们转移到市中心以外时，他们就没了营生，而且在市中心以外，他们无法维持生活，
so they will be coming back because their jobs are in the city and they cannot afford the commute from further off places.
所以他们会回到市里，因为他们的工作在市里，而且他们负担不起更远通勤路程的费用。
Dr Vaidehi Tandel there, talking on the BBC World Service programme The Inquiry.
韦提希· 坦德尔博士在BBC全球服务节目The Inquiry中谈到了这个话题。
Trying to make cities less crowded is one way to minimise the risks from disease.
努力让城市不那么拥挤是将疾病风险降到最低的一种方法。
But moving people away from the city centre means moving them away from their livelihood
但是让人们搬离市中心意味着让他们远离自己的营生
– their job or other way of earning money to pay for food, housing and clothing.
——他们的工作或赚钱方式，用以支付食物、住房和衣服。
Many people still want to live near their workplace in the city centre,
许多人仍想住在市中心工作地点附近，
because they can't afford to pay for the commute – the journey between their home and their place of work.
因为他们负担不起通勤路程上的费用——家和工作地点之间的行程。
Which is real problem when you live in a city of… how many people did you say live in Mumbai, Neil?
当你生活在城市中时，这就真是个问题了……你说孟买有多少人，尼尔？
Ah yes, in our quiz question I asked you what the estimated population of Mumbai is.
啊，是的，在我们的测试问题中，我问你孟买估计有多少人口。
I said b) 20 million.
我说是b)2000万人。
And you were absolutely right!
你回答完全正确！
Around 20 million people live in the Mumbai metropolis, making it very difficult to socially distance.
大约有2000万人口居住在孟买这个大都市，这使得人们很难保持社交距离。
In this programme we've been discussing the relationship between cities and disease.
在本期节目中，我们一直在讨论城市和疾病之间的关系。
In the 1800s, tuberculous, or TB, killed thousands,
在19世纪，肺结核（简称TB）夺走了数千人的生命，
because it was an airborne disease – spread in the air, and hard to prevent.
因为它是一种通过空气传播的疾病——在空气中传播，很难预防。
Antibiotics – medicinal chemicals like penicillin which can destroy harmful germs, couldn't help,
抗生素——像盘尼西林这样可以破坏有害细菌的化学药品，没有起到作用，
because they weren't discovered until decades later.
因为它们直到数十年后才被发现。
So in metropolises – the largest and most important cities, where people live crowded close together,
所以在大都市——最大，最重要的城市，人们拥挤地生活在一起，
diseases spread like wildfire – an idiom meaning spread widely and quickly.
疾病像野火一样蔓延——这是一个习语，意思是广泛而迅速地传播。
In Mumbai and other places, the problem remains that many people need the city for their livelihood
在孟买和其它地方，问题仍然存在：许多人需要城市来维持生计
– job or other way of earning money.
——工作或其它赚钱方式。
So they prefer to live in the city centre instead of paying for the daily commute
因此，他们宁愿住在市中心，也不愿支付日常通勤的费用
– a journey, often by train, bus or car, from your home to your workplace.
——通常是乘火车、公共汽车或汽车，从你家到工作地点的这段行程。
That's all we have time for in this programme,
以上就是本期节目的全部内容，
but remember you can find more useful vocabulary, trending topics and help with your language learning here at BBC Learning English.
但要记得，更多有用的词汇、热门话题以及语言学习方面的帮助，就在BBC教学英语。
Bye for now!
再见了！
Bye bye!
拜拜！